1
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Chen S, Fan C, Xu Z, Pei M, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li J, Lu J, Peng C, Wei X. Mechanochemical synthesis of organoselenium compounds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:769. [PMID: 38278789 PMCID: PMC10817960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We disclose herein a strategy for the rapid synthesis of versatile organoselenium compounds under mild conditions. In this work, magnesium-based selenium nucleophiles are formed in situ from easily available organic halides, magnesium metal, and elemental selenium via mechanical stimulation. This process occurs under liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) conditions, requires no complicated pre-activation procedures, and operates broadly across a diverse range of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl substrates. In this work, symmetrical diselenides are efficiently obtained after work-up in the air, while one-pot nucleophilic addition reactions with various electrophiles allow the comprehensive synthesis of unsymmetrical monoselenides with high functional group tolerance. Notably, the method is applied to regioselective selenylation reactions of diiodoarenes and polyaromatic aryl halides that are difficult to operate via solution approaches. Besides selenium, elemental sulfur and tellurium are also competent in this process, which showcases the potential of the methodology for the facile synthesis of organochalcogen compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zijian Xu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Mengyao Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiemin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Yanta, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Xi'an Aisiyi Health Industry Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Junliang Lu
- Xi'an Aisiyi Health Industry Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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2
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Varma Nallaparaju J, Nikonovich T, Jarg T, Merzhyievskyi D, Aav R, Kananovich DG. Mechanochemistry-Amended Barbier Reaction as an Expedient Alternative to Grignard Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305775. [PMID: 37387203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Organomagnesium halides (Grignard reagents) are essential carbanionic building blocks widely used in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions with various electrophiles. In the Barbier variant of the Grignard synthesis, the generation of air- and moisture-sensitive Grignard reagents occurs concurrently with their reaction with an electrophile. Although operationally simpler, the classic Barbier approach suffers from low yields due to multiple side reactions, thereby limiting the scope of its application. Here, we report a mechanochemical adaptation of the Mg-mediated Barbier reaction, which overcomes these limitations and facilitates the coupling of versatile organic halides (e.g., allylic, vinylic, aromatic, aliphatic) with a diverse range of electrophilic substrates (e.g., aromatic aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides, O-benzoyl hydroxylamine, chlorosilane, borate ester) to assemble C-C, C-N, C-Si, and C-B bonds. The mechanochemical approach has the advantage of being essentially solvent-free, operationally simple, immune to air, and surprisingly tolerant to water and some weak Brønsted acids. Notably, solid ammonium chloride was found to improve yields in the reactions of ketones. Mechanistic studies have clarified the role of mechanochemistry in the process, indicating the generation of transient organometallics facilitated by improved mass transfer and activation of the surface of magnesium metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tatsiana Nikonovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tatsiana Jarg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Danylo Merzhyievskyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-containing Heterocyclic Bases, V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar Str. 1, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Dzmitry G Kananovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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3
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Wang H, Ding W, Zou G. Mechanoredox/Nickel Co-Catalyzed Cross Electrophile Coupling of Benzotriazinones with Alkyl (Pseudo)halides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12891-12901. [PMID: 37615491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
An air-tolerant mechanoredox/nickel cocatalyzed cross electrophile coupling of benzotriazinones with alkyl (pseudo)halides is developed by liquid-assisting grinding in the presence of manganese powders and strontium titanate as a reductant and a cocatalyst, respectively. Mechanical activation of metal surfaces via ball milling eliminates the chemical activator for manganese, while mechanoredox cocatalysis of strontium titanate remarkably improves the aryl/alkyl cross electrophile coupling via piezoelectricity-mediated radical generation from alkyl halides. Both benzotriazinones and alkyl (pseudo)halides display reactivities in the mechanoredox/nickel cocatalysis different from those of conventional thermal chemistry in solution. The scope of the reaction is demonstrated with 26 examples, showing a high chemoselectivity of bromides vs chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Ding
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zou
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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4
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Takahashi R, Gao P, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemical protocol facilitates the generation of arylmanganese nucleophiles from unactivated manganese metal. Chem Sci 2023; 14:499-505. [PMID: 36741531 PMCID: PMC9847654 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct synthesis of organomanganese reagents from organic halides and manganese metal remains a challenge. Current solution-based approaches require the preparation of activated manganese (Rieke manganese) or the use of multiple metal additives to promote the insertion of manganese metal into a carbon-halogen bond. Here, we show that a mechanochemical ball-milling protocol facilitates the generation of various arylmanganese nucleophiles from aryl halides and commercially available, unactivated manganese metal without the need for complicated pre-activation processes and metal additives. These manganese-based carbon nucleophiles can be used directly for one-pot addition reactions with various electrophiles and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions under bulk-solvent-free mechanochemical conditions. Importantly, all experimental operations can be conducted under atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Takahashi
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Pan Gao
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoHokkaidoJapan
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5
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Wu H, Li X, Yang L, Chen W, Zou C, Deng W, Wang Z, Hu J, Li Y, Huang Y. Cathodic Carbonyl Alkylation of Aryl Ketones or Aldehydes with Unactivated Alkyl Halides. Org Lett 2022; 24:9342-9347. [PMID: 36484503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient cathodic carbonyl alkylation of aryl ketones or aldehydes with unactivated alkyl halides has been realized through the electrochemical activation of iron. The protocol is believed to include a radical-radical coupling or nucleophilic addition process, and the formation of ketyl radicals and alkyl radicals has been demonstrated. The protocol provides various tertiary or secondary alcohols by the formation of intermolecular C-C bonds under safe and mild conditions, is scalable, consumes little energy, and exhibits a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Xinling Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Canlin Zou
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Deng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
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6
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Jones AC, Williams MTJ, Morrill LC, Browne DL. Mechanical Activation of Zero-Valent Metal Reductants for Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13681-13689. [PMID: 36366760 PMCID: PMC9638985 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The cross-electrophile coupling of either twisted-amides
or heteroaryl
halides with alkyl halides, enabled by ball-milling, is herein described.
The operationally simple nickel-catalyzed process has no requirement
for inert atmosphere or dry solvents and delivers the corresponding
acylated or heteroarylated products across a broad range of substrates.
Key to negating the necessity of inert reaction conditions is the
mechanical activation of the raw metal terminal reductant: manganese
in the case of twisted amides and zinc for heteroaryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Matthew T. J. Williams
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, U.K
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7
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Gao P, Jiang J, Maeda S, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemically Generated Calcium‐Based Heavy Grignard Reagents and Their Application to Carbon–Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207118. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
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8
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Bolt RRA, Raby‐Buck SE, Ingram K, Leitch JA, Browne DL. Temperature‐Controlled Mechanochemistry for the Nickel‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura‐Type Coupling of Aryl Sulfamates via Ball Milling and Twin‐Screw Extrusion. **. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210508. [PMID: 36082766 PMCID: PMC9828252 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The nickel catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura-type coupling of aryl sulfamates and boronic acid derivatives enabled by temperature-controlled mechanochemistry via the development of a programmable PID-controlled jar heater is reported. This base-metal-catalyzed, solvent-free, all-under-air protocol was also scaled 200-fold using twin-screw extrusion technology affording decagram quantities of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. A. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29-39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Sarah E. Raby‐Buck
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29-39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Katharine Ingram
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research CentreBracknell, BerkshireRG42 6EYUK
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29-39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29-39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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9
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Gao P, Jiang J, Maeda S, Kubota K, Ito H. Mechanochemically Generated Calcium‐Based Heavy Grignard Reagents and Their Application to Carbon−Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery JAPAN
| | - Julong Jiang
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Koji Kubota
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Division of Applied Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Hajime Ito
- Hokkaido University Division of Applied Chemistry Kita-13 Nishi-8Kita-ku 060-8628 Sapporo JAPAN
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10
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Bartolo ND, Demkiw KM, Read JA, Valentín EM, Yang Y, Dillon AM, Hu CT, Ward MD, Woerpel KA. Conformationally Biased Ketones React Diastereoselectively with Allylmagnesium Halides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3042-3065. [PMID: 35167300 PMCID: PMC9022492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The addition of the highly reactive reagent allylmagnesium halide to α-substituted acyclic chiral ketones proceeded with high stereoselectivity. The stereoselectivity cannot be analyzed by conventional stereochemical models because these reactions do not conform to the requirements of those models. Instead, the stereoselectivity arises from the approach of the nucleophile to the most accessible diastereofaces of the lowest-energy conformations of the ketones. High stereoselectivity is expected, and the stereochemical outcome can be predicted, with conformationally biased ketones that have sterically distinguishable diastereofaces wherein only one face is accessible for nucleophilic addition. The conformations of the ketones can be determined by a combination of computational modeling and, in some cases, structure determination by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Bartolo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Krystyna M. Demkiw
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Jacquelyne A. Read
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | | | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Alexandra M. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Chunhua T. Hu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
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11
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Williams MTJ, Morrill LC, Browne DL. Mechanochemical Organocatalysis: Do High Enantioselectivities Contradict What We Might Expect? CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102157. [PMID: 34767693 PMCID: PMC9300213 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ball mills input energy to samples by pulverising the contents of the jar. Each impact on the sample or wall of the jar results in an instantaneous transmission of energy in the form of a temperature and pressure increase (volume reduction). Conversely, enantioselective organocatalytic reactions proceed through perceived delicate and well-organised transition states. Does there exist a dichotomy in the idea of enantioselective mechanochemical organocatalysis? This Review provides a survey of the literature reporting the combination of organocatalytic reactions with mechanochemical ball milling conditions. Where possible, direct comparisons of stirred in solution, stirred neat and ball milled processes are drawn with a particular focus on control of stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. J. Williams
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistrySchool of PharmacyUniversity College London29–39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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12
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Sustainable radical approaches for cross electrophile coupling to synthesize trifluoromethyl- and allyl-substituted tert-alcohols. iScience 2021; 24:103388. [PMID: 34841228 PMCID: PMC8605352 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trifluoromethylated molecules have gained privileged recognition among the medicinal and pharmaceutical chemists. Sustainable photoredox- and electrochemical processes were employed to facilitate the relatively less explored radical cross-electrophile coupling to access trifluoromethyl- and allyl-substituted tert-alcohols. Reactions proceed through trifluoromethyl ketyl radical and allyl radical intermediates, which undergo challenging radical-radical cross-coupling. The developed transformations are mild and chemo-selective to give cross-coupled products and deliver a wide range of valuable trifluoromethyl- and allyl-containing tertiary alcohols. Both processes can also be applied for the synthesis of amine variant containing trifluoromethyl and allyl moiety, which is considered as amide bioisostere.
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13
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Nicholson WI, Howard JL, Magri G, Seastram AC, Khan A, Bolt RRA, Morrill LC, Richards E, Browne DL. Ball-Milling-Enabled Reactivity of Manganese Metal*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23128-23133. [PMID: 34405513 PMCID: PMC8596600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to generate organomanganese reagents under ball-milling conditions have led to the serendipitous discovery that manganese metal can mediate the reductive dimerization of arylidene malonates. The newly uncovered process has been optimized and its mechanism explored using CV measurements, radical trapping experiments, EPR spectroscopy, and solution control reactions. This unique reactivity can also be translated to solution whereupon pre-milling of the manganese is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Giuseppina Magri
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Adam Khan
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Robert R. A. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Emma Richards
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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14
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Nicholson WI, Howard JL, Magri G, Seastram AC, Khan A, Bolt RRA, Morrill LC, Richards E, Browne DL. Ball‐Milling‐Enabled Reactivity of Manganese Metal**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William I. Nicholson
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Giuseppina Magri
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Adam Khan
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Robert R. A. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Emma Richards
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
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15
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Leitch JA, Smallman HR, Browne DL. Solvent-Minimized Synthesis of 4CzIPN and Related Organic Fluorophores via Ball Milling. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14095-14101. [PMID: 34256566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanochemical synthesis of 2,4,5,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile and related organic fluorophores/photocatalysts via a solvent-minimized four-fold SNAr pathway is herein described. Employing sodium tert-butoxide as base, and negating the need for any air/moisture-sensitive reaction set-ups, a selection of organic dyes was synthesized in just 1 h using this ball-milling technique. Furthermore, the transformation was then showcased on a multigram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London W1CN 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Harry R Smallman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London W1CN 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London W1CN 1AX, United Kingdom
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16
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Wu C, Ying T, Yang X, Su W, Dushkin AV, Yu J. Mechanochemical Magnesium-Mediated Minisci C-H Alkylation of Pyrimidines with Alkyl Bromides and Chlorides. Org Lett 2021; 23:6423-6428. [PMID: 34351160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method to synthesize 4-alkylpyrimidines by the mechanochemical magnesium-mediated Minisci reaction of pyrimidine derivatives and alkyl halides has been reported. The reaction process operates with a broad substrate scope and excellent regioselectivity under mild conditions with no requirement of transition-metal catalysts, solvents, and inert gas protection. The practicality of this protocol has been demonstrated by the up-scale synthesis, mechanochemical product derivatization, and antimalarial drug pyrimethamine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Tao Ying
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Alexandr V Dushkin
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Institute of Solid-State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Novosibirsk 630128, Russia
| | - Jingbo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology. Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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17
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Jones AC, Nicholson WI, Leitch JA, Browne DL. A Ball-Milling-Enabled Cross-Electrophile Coupling. Org Lett 2021; 23:6337-6341. [PMID: 34342468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of aryl halides and alkyl halides enabled by ball-milling is herein described. Under a mechanochemical manifold, the reductive C-C bond formation was achieved in the absence of bulk solvent and air/moisture sensitive setups, in reaction times of 2 h. The mechanical action provided by ball milling permits the use of a range of zinc sources to turnover the nickel catalytic cycle, enabling the synthesis of 28 cross-electrophile coupled products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - William I Nicholson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
Recent research endeavors have established that the mechanochemical activation of piezoelectric materials can open new avenues in redox chemistry. Impact forces, such as those imparted by a ball mill, have been shown to transform piezoelectric materials such as barium titanate (BaTiO3) into a highly polarized state, which can then donate an electron to a suitable oxidant and receive an electron from a suitable reductant, mimicking established photoredox catalytic cycles. Proof‐of‐concept studies have elucidated that mechanoredox chemistry holds great potential in sustainable and efficient radical‐based synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Mondal B, Roy UK. Making and breaking of Zn–C bonds in the cases of allyl and propargyl organozincs. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Sustainability Assessment of Mechanochemistry by Using the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2145-2162. [PMID: 33835716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has been growing into a widely accepted alternative for chemical synthesis. In addition to their efficiency and practicality, mechanochemical reactions are also recognized for their sustainability. The association between mechanochemistry and Green Chemistry often originates from the solvent-free nature of most mechanochemical protocols, which can reduce waste production. However, mechanochemistry satisfies more than one of the Principles of Green Chemistry. In this Review we will present a series of examples that will clearly illustrate how mechanochemistry can significantly contribute to the fulfillment of Green Chemistry in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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21
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Bartolo ND, Demkiw KM, Valentín EM, Hu CT, Arabi AA, Woerpel KA. Diastereoselective Additions of Allylmagnesium Reagents to α-Substituted Ketones When Stereochemical Models Cannot Be Used. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7203-7217. [PMID: 33978419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselectivities of reactions of allylmagnesium reagents with chiral ketones cannot be easily explained by stereochemical models. Competition experiments indicate that the complexation step is not reversible, so nucleophiles cannot access the widest range of possible encounter complexes and therefore cannot be analyzed easily using available models. Nevertheless, additions of allylmagnesium reagents to a ketone can still be stereoselective provided that the carbonyl group adopts a conformation that leads to one face being completely blocked from the approach of the allylmagnesium reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Bartolo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Krystyna M Demkiw
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Valentín
- St. Mary's College of California, 1928 St. Marys Road, Moraga, California 94575, United States
| | - Chunhua T Hu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Alya A Arabi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Centre for Computational Science, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - K A Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, United States
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22
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Yamaguchi E, Itoh A, Suzuki H. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Allylation of Aldehydes with Allyl Acetates. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCarbonyl allylation reactions constitute an important step in the formation of carbon–carbon reactions, and involve various related reactions that chiefly use allylmetal reagents. This report presents a nickel-catalyzed carbonyl allylation reaction using allyl acetate, which produces homoallyl alcohols in moderate to good yields, as an efficient methodology under reductive coupling conditions.
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23
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Ni S, Hribersek M, Baddigam SK, Ingner FJL, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT. Mechanochemical Solvent-Free Catalytic C-H Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6660-6666. [PMID: 33031646 PMCID: PMC7986365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemical, solvent-free, highly regioselective, rhodium-catalyzed C-H methylation of (hetero)arenes is reported. The reaction shows excellent functional-group compatibility and is demonstrated to work for the late-stage C-H methylation of biologically active compounds. The method requires no external heating and benefits from considerably shorter reaction times than previous solution-based C-H methylation protocols. Additionally, the mechanochemical approach is shown to enable the efficient synthesis of organometallic complexes that are difficult to generate conventionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Ni
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityBox 57675123UppsalaSweden
| | - Matic Hribersek
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityBox 57675123UppsalaSweden
| | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström LaboratoriesUppsala UniversityBox 52375120UppsalaSweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's Close, CliftonBristolBS8 1TSUK
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24
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Xu H, Zhang Z, Weng MY, Chen H. Liquid-Assisted Mechanosynthesis of trans-2,3-Dihydropyrroles from Chalcones and Enaminones. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Mondal B, Adhikari U, Hajra PP, Roy UK. Allylation and propargylation of aldehydes mediated by in situ generated zinc from the redox couple of Al and ZnCl 2 in 2N HCl. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple one pot allylation and propargylation of aldehydes mediated by zinc(0), which is in situ generated from the redox couple of Al and ZnCl2 in 2N HCl, is demonstrated to afford the corresponding homoallyl and homopropargyl alcohols with excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhas Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Kazi Nazrul University
- Asansol-713340
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Utpal Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Durgapur
- Durgapur-713209
- India
| | | | - Ujjal Kanti Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Kazi Nazrul University
- Asansol-713340
- India
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26
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Wu S, Shi W, Zou G. Mechanical metal activation for Ni-catalyzed, Mn-mediated cross-electrophile coupling between aryl and alkyl bromides. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01732b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-assisted grinding enables nickel-catalyzed, manganese-mediated cross-electrophile coupling between aryl and alkyl bromides under chemical activator-free and non-anhydrous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wu
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Weijia Shi
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Gang Zou
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai
- China
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27
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Ni S, Hribersek M, Baddigam SK, Ingner FJL, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT. Mechanochemical Solvent‐Free Catalytic C−H Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Ni
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Matic Hribersek
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Swarna K. Baddigam
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Clifton Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
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28
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Jones AC, Nicholson WI, Smallman HR, Browne DL. A Robust Pd-Catalyzed C–S Cross-Coupling Process Enabled by Ball-Milling. Org Lett 2020; 22:7433-7438. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - William I. Nicholson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Harry R. Smallman
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1X 1AX, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1X 1AX, U.K
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29
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Reaction of Aldoximes with Sodium Chloride and Oxone under Ball-Milling Conditions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163719. [PMID: 32824070 PMCID: PMC7463692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The solvent-free mechanochemical reaction has aroused increasing interest among scientists. Mechanical ball-milling can implement reactions under mild conditions, shorten the reaction time, and improve the reaction efficiency. Particularly, the most attractive characteristic of mechanochemistry is that it can alter the reaction pathway. However, few such examples have been reported so far. In this paper, we report the reaction of aldoximes with NaCl and Oxone under ball-milling conditions to afford N-acyloxyimidoyl chlorides, which are different from those of the liquid-phase counterpart.
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