1
|
McFadden ME, Barber RW, Overholts AC, Robb MJ. Naphthopyran molecular switches and their emergent mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10041-10067. [PMID: 37772118 PMCID: PMC10530568 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03729k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Naphthopyran molecular switches undergo a ring-opening reaction upon external stimulation to generate intensely colored merocyanine dyes. Their unique modularity and synthetic accessibility afford exceptional control over their properties and stimuli-responsive behavior. Commercial applications of naphthopyrans as photoswitches in photochromic ophthalmic lenses have spurred an extensive body of work exploring naphthopyran-merocyanine structure-property relationships. The recently discovered mechanochromic behavior of naphthopyrans has led to their emergent application in the field of polymer mechanochemistry, enabling advances in the design of force-responsive materials as well as fundamental insights into mechanochemical reactivity. The structure-property relationships established in the photochemical literature serve as a convenient blueprint for the design of naphthopyran molecular force probes with precisely tuned properties. On the other hand, the mechanochemical reactivity of naphthopyran diverges in many cases from the conventional photochemical pathways, resulting in unexpected properties and opportunities for deeper understanding and innovation in polymer mechanochemistry. Here, we highlight the features of the naphthopyran scaffold that render it a powerful platform for the design of mechanochromic materials and review recent advances in naphthopyran mechanochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Ross W Barber
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Anna C Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu L, Xu R, Yao YY, Lu Y, Liu FY, Tan W, Shi F. Organocatalytic ( Z/ E)-Selective Synthesis of 3-Vinylnaphthofurans via a Formal (3 + 2) Cycloaddition. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3474-3486. [PMID: 36877987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
A formal (3 + 2) cycloaddition of 1,4-enediones with 2-naphthols was established under the catalysis of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as an organocatalyst, leading to the efficient synthesis of structurally diverse 3-vinylnaphthofurans with high yields and excellent (Z/E)-selectivities (up to 96% yield, all >20:1 Z/E). This formal (3 + 2) cycloaddition involved a cascade reaction process, and the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the structure of 3-vinylnaphthofurans should play an important role in controlling the (Z/E)-selectivity of the newly formed vinyl group. Moreover, this class of 3-vinylnaphthofurans was discovered to have an axial chirality. This work provides an organocatalytic approach for constructing multi-substituted vinylnaphthofurans via a cascade reaction with excellent control of the (Z/E)-selectivity, which will serve as a useful strategy for synthesizing vinylnaphthofurans via in situ construction of the furan core and formation of the vinyl group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yan-Yi Yao
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Fei-Yang Liu
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.,School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raji Reddy C, Aila M, Subbarao M, Warudikar K, Grée R. Domino Reaction of 2,4-Diyn-1-ols with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds: Direct Access to Aryl/Heteroaryl-Fused Benzofurans and Indoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:4882-4887. [PMID: 34096313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A domino propargylation/furanylation (intramolecular exo-dig-cyclization)/benzannulation reaction of 2,4-diyn-1-ols with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds has been developed for the first time. This provides a novel and effective method for the preparation of aryl/heteroaryl-fused benzofurans from easily accessible starting materials in a single step. The methodology was extended to pyrrolyl-benzannulation to obtain aryl/heteroaryl-fused indoles. Further, application of this approach in the synthesis of eustifoline D and dictyodendrin structural frameworks has been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chada Raji Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mounika Aila
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Muppidi Subbarao
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kamalkishor Warudikar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - René Grée
- Univ Rennes, CNRS (Institut for Chemical Sciences in Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Azevedo ODCC, Elliott PIP, Gabbutt CD, Heron BM, Lord KJ, Pullen C. Synthesis and Photochromism of Novel Pyridyl-Substituted Naphthopyrans. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10772-10796. [PMID: 32806102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multitarget synthetic strategies to access novel photochromic 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans decorated with pyridyl units are described. The new pyridyl-substituted 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans display good photochromic properties with reversible generation of photomerocyanines, which exhibit mainly orange/red hues. Photochromic parameters including photocolorability and persistence of color vary tremendously on structural modification of the naphthopyran core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando D C C de Azevedo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Christopher D Gabbutt
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - B Mark Heron
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Kyle J Lord
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Christopher Pullen
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|