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Meizyte G, Brown RH, Brewer EI, Watson PD, Mackenzie SR. A Combined Infrared and Computational Study of Gas-Phase Mixed-Ligand Rhodium Complexes: Rh(CO) n(N 2O) m+ ( n = 1-5, m = 1-4). J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9220-9228. [PMID: 37906705 PMCID: PMC10641848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mixed carbonyl and nitrous oxide complexes with Rh+ were studied by mass-selective infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in a molecular beam. The infrared spectra, recorded in the region of the CO and N2O N═N stretches, were assigned and interpreted with the aid of simulated spectra of low-energy structural isomers. Clear evidence of an inner coordination shell of four ligands is observed. The observed vibrational structure can be understood on the basis of local mode vibrations in the two ligands. However, there is also evidence of multiple low-lying isomers and cooperative binding effects between the two ligands. In particular, σ donation from directly coordinated nitrous oxide ligands drives more classical carbonyl bonding than has been observed in pure carbonyl complexes. The observed fragmentation branching ratios following resonant infrared absorption are explained by simple statistical and energetic arguments, providing a contrast with those of equivalent Au+ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meizyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
| | - Rachael H. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
| | - Edward I. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
| | - Peter D. Watson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
| | - Stuart R. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
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2
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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Aikens CM, Jarrold CC. Virtual Issue on Experiment-Theory Synergies in the Study of Metal and Metal-Containing Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3-5. [PMID: 36632723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, 1212 Mid-Campus Dr. North, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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4
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Green AE, Gentleman AS, Schöllkopf W, Fielicke A, Mackenzie SR. Atomic Cluster Au_{10}^{+} Is a Strong Broadband Midinfrared Chromophore. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:033002. [PMID: 34328766 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.033002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report an intense broadband midinfrared absorption band in the Au_{10}^{+} cluster in a region in which only molecular vibrations would normally be expected. Observed in the infrared multiple photon dissociation spectra of Au_{10}Ar^{+}, Au_{10}(N_{2}O)^{+}, and Au_{10}(OCS)^{+}, the smooth feature stretches 700-3400 cm^{-1} (λ=14-2.9 μm). Calculations confirm unusually low-energy allowed electronic excitations consistent with the observed spectra. In Au_{10}(OCS)^{+}, IR absorption throughout the band drives OCS decomposition resulting in CO loss, providing an alternative method of bond activation or breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Gentleman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wieland Schöllkopf
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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5
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Bednařík A, Prysiazhnyi V, Preisler J. Metal Ionization in Sub-atmospheric Pressure MALDI Interface: A New Tool for Mass Spectrometry of Volatile Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9445-9453. [PMID: 34191481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based on chemical ionization by Au+ ions has been proposed. The ionization is carried out in a commercially available dual sub-atmospheric pressure MALDI/ESI interface without any modifications. The Au+ ions are generated by laser ablation of a gold nanolayer with the MALDI laser, and VOCs are infused via the ESI capillary. The ultrahigh resolving power and sub-ppm mass accuracy of the employed mass spectrometer allow straightforward identification of the formed ion-molecule complexes and other products of Au+ interactions with VOCs in the gas phase. The performance of the technique is demonstrated on the analysis of various classes of organic molecules, namely, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatic compounds, carboxylic acids, ethers, or organosulfur compounds, expanding the portfolio of currently available methods for the analysis of VOCs such as secondary electrospray ionization, proton-transfer reaction, and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Bednařík
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Vadym Prysiazhnyi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Preisler
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno , Czech Republic
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Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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7
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Liu Q, Fan P, Hu Y, Wang F, Cheng L. Superatomic and adsorption properties of Ni atom doped Au clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10946-10952. [PMID: 33913457 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00589h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to their strong relativistic effects, Au clusters exhibit many unusual geometric structures. Among them, Au7-, Au8 and Au9+ have 18 valence electrons satisfying the magic numbers in the jellium model, respectively, but these three non-spherical clusters are not superatoms. In general, a single dopant atom can drastically change the structural and electronic properties of Au clusters. Here, we searched structures of NiAu7-, NiAu8 and NiAu9+ clusters using the genetic algorithm program (GA) combined with density functional theory (DFT). It was found that the alloy clusters are all 3D spherical structures. The molecular orbitals and density of states analysis indicate that they have completely filled superatomic shells (1S21P6), in which the electronic structure of the Ni atom is d10. Then, the electrostatic potential surfaces of the alloy clusters are analyzed, and the calculated results show that the NiAu8 superatom has remarkable σ-holes with positive potential regions. Moreover, these electron-deficient regions can be considered as interaction sites with some electron donors. After a Lewis base CO gas molecule is adsorbed on the Au-based superatom, we found that the C-O bond distance becomes slightly elongated and its stretching frequency presents a significant red-shift. This is due to the fact that 5d electrons of the Au atom of the NiAu8 transfer towards the anti-bond π orbitals of the CO molecule. Hence, this is an effective strategy for finding new types of superatoms and potential catalysts for covalent bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiman Liu
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, P. R. China. and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low Temperature Co-fired Materials, Huainan, 232038, P. R. China
| | - Pei Fan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, P. R. China.
| | - Yunhu Hu
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, P. R. China.
| | - Fengwu Wang
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, P. R. China.
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
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Cunningham EM, Green AE, Meizyte G, Gentleman AS, Beardsmore PW, Schaller S, Pollow KM, Saroukh K, Förstel M, Dopfer O, Schöllkopf W, Fielicke A, Mackenzie SR. Infrared action spectroscopy of nitrous oxide on cationic gold and cobalt clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:329-338. [PMID: 33346764 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05195k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide on finely divided transition metals is an important environmental issue. In this study, we present the results of a combined infrared action spectroscopy and quantum chemical investigation of molecular N2O binding to isolated Aun+ (n ≤ 7) and Con+ (n ≤ 5) clusters. Infrared multiple-photon dissociation spectra have been recorded in the regions of both the N[double bond, length as m-dash]O (1000-1400 cm-1) and N[double bond, length as m-dash]N (2100-2450 cm-1) stretching modes of nitrous oxide. In the case of Aun+ clusters only the ground electronic state plays a role, while the involvement of energetically low-lying excited states in binding to the Con+ clusters cannot be ruled out. There is a clear preference for N-binding to clusters of both metals but some O-bound isomers are observed in the case of smaller Con(N2O)+ clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
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McMahon AJ, Jarrold CC. Using anion photoelectron spectroscopy of cluster models to gain insights into mechanisms of catalyst-mediated H 2 production from water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27936-27948. [PMID: 33201956 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide cluster models of catalyst materials offer a powerful platform for probing the molecular-scale features and interactions that govern catalysis. This perspective gives an overview of studies implementing the combination of anion photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations toward exploring cluster models of metal oxides and metal-oxide supported Pt that catalytically drive the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) or the water-gas shift reaction. The utility in the combination of these experimental and computational techniques lies in our ability to unambiguously determine electronic and molecular structures, which can then connect to results of reactivity studies. In particular, we focus on the activity of oxygen vacancies modeled by suboxide clusters, the critical mechanistic step of forming proximal metal hydride and hydroxide groups as a prerequisite for H2 production, and the structural features that lead to trapped dihydroxide groups. The pronounced asymmetric oxidation found in heterometallic group 6 oxides and near-neighbor group 5/group 6 results in higher activity toward water, while group 7/group 6 oxides form very specific stoichiometries that suggest facile regeneration. Studies on the trans-periodic combination of cerium oxide and platinum as a model for ceria supported Pt atoms and nanoparticles reveal striking negative charge accumulation by Pt, which, combined with the ionic conductivity of ceria, suggests a mechanism for the exceptionally high activity of this system towards the water-gas shift reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey J McMahon
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Meizyte G, Green AE, Gentleman AS, Schaller S, Schöllkopf W, Fielicke A, Mackenzie SR. Free electron laser infrared action spectroscopy of nitrous oxide binding to platinum clusters, Ptn(N2O)+. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18606-18613. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02800b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared multiple-photon dissociation spectroscopy has been applied to study Ptn(N2O)+ (n = 1–8) clusters which represent entrance-channel complexes on the reactive potential energy surface for nitrous oxide decomposition on platinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meizyte
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Alice E. Green
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Alexander S. Gentleman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Sascha Schaller
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | | | - André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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