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Zhang J, Guo W, Yao Y. Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics Study of Chapman-Jouguet Detonation Events of Energetic Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7141-7148. [PMID: 37535980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Detonation of energetic materials (EMs) is of great importance for military applications, while the understanding of detailed events and mechanisms for the detonation process is scarce. In this study, the first deep neural network potential NNP_Shock for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of shock-induced detonation of EMs was generated based on a deep potential model, providing DFT accuracy but 106 times the computational efficiency. On this basis, we employ our deep potential to perform MD simulations of shock-induced detonation of high-performance EM material 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20, C6H6N12O12) and obtain the theoretical Chapman-Jouguet (C-J) detonation velocities and pressures directly by multiscale shock technique (MSST) for the first time, which are in good agreement with experiment. In addition, the Hugoniot curves and initial reaction mechanisms were successfully obtained. Therefore, the NNP_Shock potential is competent in research of the detonation performance and shock sensitivity of CL-20, and the method can also be transplanted to studies of other EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Zhang
- College of Sciences/Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material (MOE), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yugui Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material (MOE), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Sultan M, Wu J, Haq IU, Imran M, Yang L, Wu J, Lu J, Chen L. Recent Progress on Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance of Energetic Cocrystals: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154775. [PMID: 35897950 PMCID: PMC9330407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the niche area of energetic materials, a balance between energy and safety is extremely important. To address this "energy-safety contradiction", energetic cocrystals have been introduced. The investigation of the synthesis methods, characteristics, and efficacy of energetic cocrystals is of the utmost importance for optimizing their design and development. This review covers (i) various synthesis methods for energetic cocrystals; (ii) discusses their characteristics such as structural properties, detonation performance, sensitivity analysis, thermal properties, and morphology mapping, along with other properties such as oxygen balance, solubility, and fluorescence; and (iii) performance with respect to energy contents (detonation velocity and pressure) and sensitivity. This is followed by concluding remarks together with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Sultan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
- Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Junying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-914-20206
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - JiaoJiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Jianying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (L.C.)
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Theoretical Prediction of Structures and Properties of 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine (TNTA) Green Energetic Materials from DFT and ReaxFF Molecular Modeling. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113873. [PMID: 35683171 PMCID: PMC9182073 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitryl cyanide, O2NCN, as a new high-energy molecule, has not yet been successfully synthesized. It has prompted us to conduct a theoretical study of its possible space structures and properties. The RESP charges and the most stable spatial structures demonstrate that crystal morphology is affected by both the main nonbonded interactions and the molecular arrangement. The crystal structure prediction indicated that there are seven structures, namely P1, P21, P212121, P21/c, Pna21, Pbca, and C2/c. The most stable space structure is likely to be Pna21 and the corresponding cell parameters are Z = 4, a = 8.69 Å, b = 9.07 Å, c = 9.65 Å, and α = β = γ = 90.0°. To further study the intermolecular interactions of TNTA, a series of theoretical analyses were employed, including Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plots. The pyrolysis mechanism and properties show that high temperatures can promote decomposition. The systematic search approach can be a new strategy to identify structures effectively and has the potential to provide systematic theoretical guidance for the synthesis of TNTA.
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Li C, Liu S, Xie Z, Ye B, An C, Wang J. Design and fabrication of CL-20-based composites with an ordered close-packing structure by inkjet printing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Beste A. Molecular Inclusion of Small Aging Products into the Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) Lattice: Part II, Polymorph Dependence. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Beste
- Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico 1515 Eubank SE Albuquerque 87185 NM
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Beste A, Alam MK. Molecular Inclusion of Small Aging Products into the Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) Lattice: Part I, Infrared Spectra. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Beste
- Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico 1515 Eubank SE Albuquerque 87185 NM
| | - Mary Kathleen Alam
- Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico 1515 Eubank SE Albuquerque 87185 NM
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Zhang J, Guo W. Roles of Small Molecules in the Stability and Sensitivity of CL-20-Based Host-Guest Explosives under Electric Fields: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:286-295. [PMID: 34985266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Host-guest inclusion, constructed by inserting small molecules into voids of energetic crystals, is a novel strategy for creating new energetic materials (EMs) with desired energy and safety. To provide an atomistic-level insight into the fact that small guest molecules can effectively regulate the stability and sensitivity of CL-20, we conducted ReaxFF-lg reactive molecular dynamics simulations on electric-field (EF)-induced decomposition of two typical host-guest EMs, CL-20/H2O2 and CL-20/N2O, and compared it to that of α-CL-20 and ε-CL-20. Our findings show that the sensitivity order of the CL-20-based EMs under EFs, α-CL-20/H2O2 > ε-CL-20 > α-CL-20 > α-CL-20/N2O, agrees well with the sensitivity obtained from the experiment (ε-CL-20 > α-CL-20 > α-CL-20/N2O). Different effects of H2O2 and N2O molecules were found responsible for the distinct stability and sensitivity of these materials toward EFs. On the one hand, H2O2 accelerate(s) the structural transformation of CL-20 and thus increases the sensitivity, because the wobbling NO2 group reduces the stability of CL-20 by weakening its adjacent C-N bonds, whereas N2O makes this transition less likely, resulting in low sensitivity of α-CL-20/N2O. On the other hand, H2O2 and its decomposition intermediate OH radical can promote destruction of CL-20's cage structure and produce a large amount of water molecules to release heat, making CL-20/H2O2 to decompose faster than ε-CL-20. N2O molecules rarely react with CL-20 molecules but absorb heat from the surrounding decomposed CL-20 and thus slow down CL-20's decomposition, resulting in low sensitivity of α-CL-20/N2O, as confirmed by transition-state calculations. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the stability and sensitivity of CL-20-based host-guest explosives under EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,Department of Physics, College of Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material (MOE), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.,School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Sun S, Wang Z, Zhang H, Song X, Jin D, Xu J, Sun J. Host–guest energetic materials: a promising strategy of incorporating small insensitive molecule into the lattice cavities of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane to enhance the safety on the premise of maintaining the excellent energy density. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00199c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel HNIW-MA host–guest explosive was constructed by embedding the mall molecules into the lattice cavities of HNIW, and it enhances the safety on the premise of maintaining its energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhu Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, P. R. China
| | - Haobin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, P. R. China
| | - Dengyu Jin
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, P. R. China
| | - Jinjiang Xu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang, P. R. China
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Sun S, Zhang H, Wang Z, Xu J, Huang S, Tian Y, Sun J. Smart Host-Guest Energetic Material Constructed by Stabilizing Energetic Fuel Hydroxylamine in Lattice Cavity of 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane Significantly Enhanced the Detonation, Safety, Propulsion, and Combustion Performances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:61324-61333. [PMID: 34910453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The host-guest inclusion strategy has become a promising method for developing novel high-energy density materials (HEDMs). The selection of functional guest molecules was a strategic project, as it can not only enhance the detonation performance of host explosives but can also modify some of their suboptimal performances. Here, to improve the propulsion and combustion performances of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), a novel energetic-energetic host-guest inclusion explosive was obtained by incorporating energetic rocket fuel, hydroxylamine (HA), into the lattice cavities of HNIW. Based on their perfect space matching, the crystallographic density of HNIW-HA was determined to be 2.00 g/cm3 at 296 K, which has reached the gold standard regarding the density of HEDMs. HNIW-HA also showed higher thermal stability (Td = 245.9 °C) and safety (H50 = 16.8 cm) and superior detonation velocity (DV = 9674 m/s) than the ε-HNIW. Additionally, because of the excellent combustion performance of HA, HNIW-HA possessed higher propulsion performances, including combustion speed (SC = 39.5 mg/s), combustion heat (QC = 8661 J/g), and specific impulse (Isp = 276.4 s), than ε-HNIW. Thus, the host-guest inclusion strategy has potential to surpass the limitations of energy density and suboptimal performances of single explosives and become a strategy for developing multipurpose intermolecular explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhu Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haobin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiang Xu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiliang Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Tian
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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DFT Calculations for the HONO Elimination Process of CL-20 Conformers. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/3875282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HONO elimination process is regarded to be an important initial decomposition process of energetic nitramines. Four CL-20 conformers based on the ε-CL-20 were obtained by the optimization at the m062x/cc-pvtz level in this study, and the Transition State (TS) and Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate (IRC) calculations were carried out at the same level. In addition, the rate coefficients and activation energy of the HONO elimination process were evaluated using conventional transition state theory (TST) and canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with Eckart and small-curvature tunneling (SCT) methods to correct the transmission coefficients for the quantum tunneling effect. The calculation results have shown that the HONO elimination process concerning the nitro groups located on six numbered rings is the hardest to happen, and it seems that the longer distance between nitro groups and the adjacent hydrogen atom would result in the higher barrier energy; the HONO elimination process is most likely to happen for the axial positioning of nitro groups located on five numbered rings and most unlikely to happen for the ones located on six numbered rings; CL-20 II and CL-20 IV conformers are the most unstable one and most stable one concerning the reaction difficulty of the HONO elimination process.
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Tao Y, Xu J, Zhang H, Huang S, Yang Z, Sun J, Lei M. An experimental and theoretical study on the growth of plate-like β-HMX crystals in the hydroxylated interlayer space. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12340-12349. [PMID: 34019605 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00959a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plate-like β-HMX crystals are grown in the hydroxylated interlayer space using a crystallization technique combining the cooling crystallization and solvent-antisolvent methods. The obtained crystals have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The experimental results indicate that the most morphologically important face of the plate-like β-HMX crystals is the (011) face adopting a layer-by-layer growth mode. Meanwhile, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to study the crystal morphology in HMX crystal growth in the hydroxylated interlayer space based on a modified attachment energy (MAE) model. The calculated results show that the major face is the (011) face and the interaction energies between the crystal face and the hydroxylated interlayer are in the order of (011) > (110) > (020), which agree well with the experimental results above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China. and Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Jinjiang Xu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Haobin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Shiliang Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Zuoyin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
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Xiao Y, Chen L, Yang K, Geng D, Lu J, Wu J. Mechanism of the improvement of the energy of host-guest explosives by incorporation of small guest molecules: HNO 3 and H 2O 2 promoted C-N bond cleavage of the ring of ICM-102. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10559. [PMID: 34006908 PMCID: PMC8131615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Host–guest materials exhibit great potential applications as an insensitive high-energy–density explosive and low characteristic signal solid propellant. To investigate the mechanism of the improvement of the energy of host–guest explosives by guest molecules, ReaxFF-lg reactive molecular dynamics simulations were performed to calculate the thermal decomposition reactions of the host–guest explosives systems ICM-102/HNO3, ICM-102/H2O2, and pure ICM-102 under different constant high temperatures and different heating rates. Incorporation of guest molecules significantly increased the energy level of the host–guest system. However, the initial reaction path of the ICM-102 molecule was not changed by the guest molecules. The guest molecules did not initially participate in the host molecule reaction. After a period of time, the H2O2 and HNO3 guest molecules promoted cleavage of the C–N bond of the ICM-102 ring. Stronger oxidation and higher oxygen content resulted in the guest molecules more obviously accelerating destruction of the ICM-102 ring structure. The guest molecules accelerated the initial endothermic reaction of ICM-102, but they played a more important role in the intermediate exothermic reaction stage: incorporation of guest molecules (HNO3 and H2O2) greatly improved the heat release and exothermic reaction rate. Although the energies of the host–guest systems were clearly improved by incorporation of guest molecules, the guest molecules had little effect on the thermal stabilities of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Deshen Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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