1
|
Meta M, Huber ME, Birk M, Wedele M, Ončák M, Meyer J. Dynamics of carbene formation in the reaction of methane with the tantalum cation in the gas phase. Faraday Discuss 2024; 251:587-603. [PMID: 38764361 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00171g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The controlled activation of methane has drawn significant attention throughout various disciplines over the last few decades. In gas-phase experiments, the use of model systems with reduced complexity compared to condensed-phase catalytic systems allows us to investigate the intrinsic reactivity of elementary reactions down to the atomic level. Methane is rather inert in chemical reactions, as the weakening or cleavage of a C-H bond is required to make use of methane as C1-building block. The simplest model system for transition-metal-based catalysts is a mono-atomic metal ion. Only a few atomic transition-metal cations activate methane at room temperature. One of the most efficient elements is tantalum, which forms a carbene and releases molecular hydrogen in the reaction with methane: Ta+ + CH4 → TaCH2+ + H2. The reaction takes place at room temperature due to efficient intersystem crossing from the quintet to the triplet surface, i.e., from the electronic ground state of the tantalum cation to the triplet ground state of the tantalum carbene. This multi-state reactivity is often seen for reactions involving transition-metal centres, but leads to their theoretical treatment being a challenge even today. Chemical reactions, or to be precise reactive collisions, are dynamic processes making their description even more of a challenge to experiment and theory alike. Experimental energy- and angle-differential cross sections allow us to probe the rearrangement of atoms during a reactive collision. By interpreting the scattering signatures, we gain insight into the atomistic mechanisms and can move beyond stationary descriptions. Here, we present a study combining collision energy dependent experimentally measured differential cross sections with ab initio calculations of the minimum energy pathway. Product ion velocity distributions were recorded using our crossed-beam velocity map imaging experiment dedicated to studying transition-metal ion molecule reactions. TaCH2+ velocity distributions reveal a significant degree of indirect dynamics. However, the scattering distributions also show signatures of rebound dynamics. We compare the present results to the oxygen transfer reaction between Ta+ and carbon dioxide, which we recently studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Meta
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Maximilian E Huber
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Maurice Birk
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Martin Wedele
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ionenenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Armentrout PB, Lushchikova OV, Schuurman JL, Nooteboom S, Ghiassee M, Boles GC, Bakker JM. Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of Early 4d Transition Metal Carbene Cations, ZrCH 2+ and NbCH 2. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6658-6667. [PMID: 39083656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
IR multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy is combined with quantum chemical calculations to examine the [M,C,2H]+ species for the early 4d metals, M = Zr and Nb. These ions were formed by reacting laser ablated M+ ions with cyclopropane (c-C3H6) in a molecular beam apparatus. Both IRMPD spectra exhibit one major band near 700 cm-1 and a second weaker band at about twice that wavenumber, more evident when irradiated in focus. The [Nb,C,2H]+ species also has a sharp band at 800 cm-1. Comparison with B3LYP calculations allow assignment of the [M,C,2H]+ structures to agostic carbenes, which is similar to the structures found for the 5d analogues, WCH2+ and TaCH2+. A molecular orbital analysis traces the reasons for the agostic deformation from a classic C2v symmetric carbene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle L Schuurman
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Nooteboom
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Ghiassee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marcum JC, Metz RB. Vibrational Spectroscopy and Structural Analysis of V +(C 2H 6) n Clusters ( n = 1-4). J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37307201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The vibrational structure and binding motifs of vanadium cation-ethane clusters, V+(C2H6)n, for n = 1-4 are probed using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the C-H stretching region (2550-3100 cm-1). Comparison of spectra to scaled harmonic frequency spectra obtained using density functional theory suggests that ethane exhibits two primary binding motifs when interacting with the vanadium cation: an end-on η2 configuration and a side-on configuration. Determining the denticity of the side on isomer is complicated by the rotational motion of ethane, implying that structural analysis based solely on Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface minimizations is insufficient and that a more sophisticated vibrationally adiabatic approach is necessary to interpret spectra. The lower-energy side-on configuration predominates in smaller clusters, but the end-on configuration becomes important for larger clusters as it helps to maintain a roughly square-planar geometry about the central vanadium. Proximate C-H bonds exhibit elongation and large red-shifts when compared to bare ethane, particularly in the case of the side-on isomer, demonstrating initial effects of C-H bond activation, which are underestimated by scaled harmonic frequency calculations. Tagging several of the clusters with argon and nitrogen results in nontrivial effects. The high binding energy of N2 can lead to the displacement of ethane from a side-on configuration into an end-on configuration. The presence of either one or two Ar or N2 can impact the overall symmetry of the cluster, which can alter the potential energy surface for ethane rotation in the side-on isomer and may affect the accessibility of low-lying electronic excited states of V+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse C Marcum
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, Keene, New Hampshire 03435, United States
| | - Ricardo B Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sweeny BC, Long BA, Maffucci D, Zuo J, Guo H, Viggiano AA, Ard SG, Shuman NS. Activation of Methane by Zr +: A Deep-Dive into the Potential Surface via Pressure- and Temperature-Dependent Kinetics with Statistical Modeling. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1818-1830. [PMID: 36802591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of Zr+ + CH4 are measured using a selected-ion flow tube apparatus over the temperature range 300-600 K and the pressure range 0.25-0.60 Torr. Measured rate constants are small, never exceeding 5% of the Langevin capture value. Both collisionally stabilized ZrCH4+ and bimolecular ZrCH2+ products are observed. A stochastic statistical modeling of the calculated reaction coordinate is used to fit the experimental results. The modeling indicates that an intersystem crossing from the entrance well, necessary for the bimolecular product to be formed, occurs faster than competing isomerization and dissociation processes. That sets an upper limit on the lifetime of the entrance complex to crossing of 10-11 s. The endothermicity of the bimolecular reaction is derived to be 0.09 ± 0.05 eV, in agreement with a literature value. The observed ZrCH4+ association product is determined to be primarily HZrCH3+ not Zr+(CH4), indicating that bond activation has occurred at thermal energies. The energy of HZrCH3+ relative to separated reactants is determined to be -0.80 ± 0.25 eV. Inspection of the statistical modeling results under best-fit conditions reveals reaction dependences on impact parameter, translation energy, internal energy, and angular momentum. Reaction outcomes are heavily affected by angular momentum conservation. Additionally, product energy distributions are predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan C Sweeny
- Boston College Institute for Scientific Research, Boston, Massachusetts 02549, United States
| | - Bryan A Long
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Dominique Maffucci
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Junxiang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lushchikova OV, Reijmer S, Armentrout PB, Bakker JM. IR Spectroscopic Characterization of Methane Adsorption on Copper Clusters Cu n+ ( n = 2-4). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1393-1400. [PMID: 35411768 PMCID: PMC9354255 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of CH4 with cationic copper clusters has been studied with infrared-multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. Cun+ (n = 2-4) formed by laser ablation were reacted with CH4. The formed complexes were irradiated with the IR light of the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments (FELICE), and the fragments were mass-analyzed with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The structures of the Cun+-CH4 complexes are assigned on the basis of comparison between the resulting IRMPD spectra to spectra of different isomers calculated with density functional theory (DFT). For all sizes n, the structure found is one with molecularly adsorbed CH4. Only slight deformations of the CH4 molecule have been identified upon adsorption on the clusters, which results in redshifts of the spectroscopic bands. This deformation can be explained by charge transfer from the cluster to the adsorbed methane molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Lushchikova
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stijn Reijmer
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roithová J, Bakker JM. Ion spectroscopy in methane activation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:513-528. [PMID: 34008884 PMCID: PMC9292810 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to ion spectroscopy studies of complexes relevant for the understanding of methane activation with metal ions and clusters. Methane activation starts with the formation of a complex with a metal ion. The degree of the interaction between an intact methane molecule and the ion can be monitored by the perturbations of C-H stretch vibrations in the methane molecule. Binding mediated by the electrostatic interaction results in a η3 type coordination of methane. In contrast, binding governed by orbital interactions results in a η2 type coordination of methane. We further review the spectroscopic characterization of activation products of metal-methane reactions, such as the metal-carbene and carbyne products resulting from the interaction of selected 5d metals with methane. The focus of recent research in the field has shifted towards the investigation of interactions between methane and metal clusters. We show examples highlighting that metal clusters can be more reactive in methane activation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and CatalysisRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryNijmegenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Zhao Y, He S. Conversion of CH
4
Catalyzed by Gas Phase Ions Containing Metals. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200062. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Centre of Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo M, Yi Q, Cui C, Gan W, Luo Z. Gas-Phase Synthesis of Metal Olefins: Plasma-Assisted Methane Dehydrogenation and C═C Bond Formation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1123-1131. [PMID: 35166550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methane dehydrogenation and C-C coupling under mild conditions are very important but challenging in chemistry. Utilizing a customized time of flight mass spectrometer combined with a magnetron sputtering (MagS) cluster source, here, we have conducted a study on the reactions of methane with small silver and copper clusters simply by introducing methane in argon as the working gas for sputtering. Interestingly, a series of [M(CnH2n)]+ (M = Cu and Ag; n = 2-12) clusters were observed, indicating high-efficiency methane dehydrogenation in such a plasma-assisted chamber system. Density functional theory calculations find the lowest energy structures of the [M(CnH2n)]+ series pertaining to olefins indicative of both C-H bond activation of methane and C-C bond coupling. We analyzed the interactions involved in the [Cu(CnH2n)]+ and [Ag(CnH2n)]+ (n = 1-6) clusters and demonstrated the reaction coordinates for the "Cu+ + CH4" and "Ag+ + CH4." It is illustrated that the presence of a second methane molecule enables us to reduce the necessary energy of dehydrogenation, which concurs with the experimental observation of an absence of the metal carbine products Cu+CH2 and Ag+CH2, which are short-lived. Also, it is elucidated that the higher-lying excitation states of Cu+ and Ag+ ions enable more favorable dehydrogenation process and C═C bond formation, shedding light on the plasma assistance of the essence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Qiuhao Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Wen Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McDonald DC, Sweeny BC, Viggiano AA, Ard SG, Shuman NS. Cyclotrimerization of Acetylene under Thermal Conditions: Gas-Phase Kinetics of V + and Fe + + C 2H 2. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9327-9337. [PMID: 34665622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of successive reactions of acetylene (C2H2) initiated on either vanadium or iron atomic cations have been investigated under thermal conditions using the variable-ion source and temperature-adjustable selected-ion flow tube apparatus. Consistent with the literature results, the reaction of Fe+ + C2H2 primarily yields Fe+(m/z = (C2H2)3); however, analysis via quantum chemical calculations and statistical modeling shows that the mechanism does not form benzene upon the third acetylene addition. The kinetics are more consistent with successive addition of three acetylene molecules, yielding Fe+(C2H2)3, followed by an addition of a fourth acetylene molecule, initiating cyclotrimerization, yielding either Fe+(C2H2) + neutral benzene or Fe+(Bz) + acetylene, where Bz is a benzene ligand. In contrast, the reaction of V+ + C2H2 yields products via successive associations V+(m/z = (C2H2)n) either with or without a bimolecular step involving loss of one H2 and V+C2(m/z = (C2H2)m), where n and m extend at least up to 11 under conditions of 0.32 Torr at 300 K. Stabilized V+(Bz) is not a significant intermediate in the association mechanism. We propose a plausible mechanism for the generation of neutral benzene in this reaction and compare with the Fe+ results. The reaction steps that produce benzene result in turnover of the single-atom catalyst, and the large hydrocarbons produced that remain associated to the catalyst are proposed to be polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C McDonald
- NRC Postdoc at Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Brendan C Sweeny
- Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kozubal J, Heck T, Metz RB. Structures of M +(CH 4) n (M = Ti, V) Based on Vibrational Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4143-4151. [PMID: 33961741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photofragment spectroscopy is used to measure the vibrational spectra of M+(CH4)(Ar) and M+(CH4)n (M = Ti, V; n = 1-4) in the C-H stretching region (2550-3100 cm-1). Spectra were measured by monitoring the loss of Ar from M+(CH4)(Ar) and loss of CH4 from the larger clusters. The experimental spectra are then compared to simulations done at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory to identify the structures of the ions. The spectra all have a peak near 2800 cm-1 due to the symmetric C-H stretch of the hydrogens adjacent to the metal. Some complexes also have a smaller peak due to the corresponding antisymmetric stretch. Most complexes also have a peak near 3000 cm-1 due to the C-H stretch of hydrogens pointing away from the metal. The symmetric proximate C-H stretches of M+(CH4)(Ar) to M+(CH4)4 are red-shifted from the symmetric stretch in bare CH4 by 149, 152, 128, and 107 cm-1 for the titanium complexes and 164, 175, 158, and 146 cm-1, respectively, for the vanadium complexes. In M+(CH4)(Ar) (M = Ti, V), the heavy atoms are collinear. Ti+(CH4)(Ar) has η3 methane hydrogen coordination (∠M-C-H = 180°), while V+(CH4)(Ar) has η2 (∠M-C-H = 124°). The n = 2 complexes have C-M-C linear. Ti+(CH4)2 has C2h symmetry with η3 CH4 while V+(CH4)2 has methane coordination intermediate between η2 and η3 (∠M-C-H = 156°). Both the M+(CH4)3 (M = Ti, V) complexes have C2v symmetry with one methane farther away from the metal in an η2 binding orientation and two methanes close to the metal with a nearly η2 methane for vanadium and coordination between η2 and η3 CH4 for titanium (∠M-C-H = 150°). In Ti+(CH4)4 and V+(CH4)4 all of the methanes have η2 coordination. The titanium complex has a distorted square planar geometry with two different Ti-C bond lengths and the vanadium complex is square planar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Kozubal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Tristan Heck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ricardo B Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang XG, Zhang L, Feng S, Qin H, Wu DY, Zhao Y. Light Driven Mechanism of Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction to Carbon Monoxide on Gold Nanoparticles: A Theoretical Prediction. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1125-1130. [PMID: 33475366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insightful understanding of the light driven CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) mechanism on gold nanoparticles is one of the important issues in the plasmon mediated photocatalytic study. Herein, time-dependent density functional theory and reduced two-state model are adopted to investigate the photoinduced charge transfer in interfaces. According to the excitation energy and orbital coupling, the light driven mechanism of CO2RR on gold nanoparticles can be described as follows: the light induces electron excitation and then transfers to the physisorbed CO2, and CO2 can relax to a bent structure adsorbed on gold nanoparticles, and the adsorbed C-O bonds are dissociated finally. Moreover, our calculated results demonstrate that the s, p, and d electron excitations of gold nanoparticles are the major contribution for the CO2 adsorption and the C-O dissociation process, respectively. This work would promote the understanding of the light driven electron transfer and photocatalytic CO2RR on the noble metal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Dawning Information Industry (Beijing) Corp., Ltd., Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shishi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haimei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Wang M, Ding YQ, Zhao CY, Ma JB. Consecutive methane activation mediated by single metal boride cluster anions NbB 4. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12592-12599. [PMID: 34047332 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01418h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of all C-H bonds in two methane molecules by gas-phase cluster ions at room temperature is a challenging task. Herein, mass spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations have been used to identify one single metal boride cluster anions NbB4- that can activate eight C-H bonds in two methane molecules and release one H2 molecule each time under thermal collision conditions. In these consecutive reactions, the loaded Nb atoms and the support B4 units play different roles but act synergistically to activate CH4, which is responsible for the interesting reactivity of NbB4-. Moreover, there are some mechanistic differences in these two reactions, including the mechanisms for the first C-H bond activation steps, dihydrogen desorption sites, and major electron donors. This study shows that non-noble metal boride species are reactive enough to facilitate thermal C-H bond cleavages, and boron-based materials may be one kind of potential support material facilitating surface hydrogen transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Qi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Chong-Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|