1
|
Wang Y, Kong L, Tan J, Liu B, An Y, Xia L, Lu Y, Li Q, Wang L. Photochemistry of Imidazole-2-carbaldehyde in Droplets as a Potential Source of H 2O 2 and Its Oxidation of SO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11096-11104. [PMID: 38865480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c11113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a crucial role as an oxidizing agent within the tropospheric environment, making a substantial contribution to sulfate formation in hydrated aerosols and cloud and fog droplets. Field observations show that high levels of H2O2 are often observed in heavy haze events and polluted air. However, the source of H2O2 remains unclear. Here, using the droplets formed in situ by the deliquescence of hygroscopic compounds under a high relative humidity (RH), the formation of H2O2 by the photochemistry of imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (2-IC) under ultraviolet irradiation was explored. The results indicate that 2-IC produces IM-C•-OH and IM-C•═O radicals via H transfer itself to its excited triplet state and generates H2O2 and organic peroxides in the presence of O2, which has an evident oxidizing effect on SO2, suggesting the potential involvement of this pathway in the formation of atmospheric sulfate. H2O2 formation is limited in acidic droplets or droplets containing ammonium ions, and no H2O2 is detected in droplets containing nitrate, whereas droplets containing citric acid have an obvious promotion effect on H2O2 formation. These findings provide valuable insights into the behaviors of atmospheric photosensitizers, the source of H2O2, and the formation of sulfate in atmospheric droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianghai Xia
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang B, Zhang T, Zhao X, Yuan Y, Du Y, Xue J. Structure and Electron Configuration of Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and Its Excited Triplet: Resonance Raman and Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and DFT Calculation Investigations. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10008-10015. [PMID: 37971400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (IC) can be generated in atmospheric waters and absorbs solar radiation in the near UV region to produce its excited triplet state (3IC), which contributes to the formation of a secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The photoreactivity of IC is significantly influenced by its surroundings, such as water and acidic environment, because IC is capable of transforming into gem-diol under above conditions. Meanwhile, the electron configuration of 3IC is critical in elucidating the reaction mechanism of 3IC with other anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, steady-state and time-resolved resonance Raman as well as transient absorption spectroscopic experiments were conducted to provide vibrational and kinetic information on IC and 3IC in the presence of water and acid conditions. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the H-bonding at the carbonyl O was confirmed and the hydrated structure of IC and 3IC was determined. 1,4-Cyclohexadiene is a good hydrogen donor, and it has a second-order rate constant of ∼107 M-1 s-1 toward 3IC. The results of CASSCF calculations suggest that the hydrogen abstraction may involve the transition from the ππ* to nπ* triplet state via the surface-crossing point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Tengshuo Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yong Du
- Center for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Jiadan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li F, Zhou S, Du L, Zhao J, Hang J, Wang X. Aqueous-phase chemistry of atmospheric phenolic compounds: A critical review of laboratory studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158895. [PMID: 36130630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PhCs) are crucial atmospheric pollutants typically emitted by biomass burning and receive particular concerns considering their toxicity, light-absorbing properties, and involvement in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. A comprehensive understanding of the transformation mechanisms on chemical reactions in atmospheric waters (i.e., cloud/fog droplets and aerosol liquid water) is essential to predict more precisely the atmospheric fate and environmental impacts of PhCs. Laboratory studies play a core role in providing the fundamental knowledge of aqueous-phase chemical transformations in the atmosphere. This article critically reviews recent laboratory advances in SOA formation from the aqueous-phase reactions of PhCs. It focuses primarily on the aqueous oxidation of PhCs driven by two atmospheric reactive species: OH radicals and triplet excited state organics, including the important chemical kinetics and mechanisms. The effects of inorganic components (i.e., nitrate and nitrite) and transition metal ions (i.e., soluble iron) are highlighted on the aqueous-phase transformation of PhCs and on the properties and formation mechanisms of SOA. The review is concluded with the current knowledge gaps and future perspectives for a better understanding of the atmospheric transformation and SOA formation potential of PhCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jian Hang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aregahegn KZ, Felber T, Tilgner A, Hoffmann EH, Schaefer T, Herrmann H. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Triplet-State Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde with α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8727-8740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kifle Z. Aregahegn
- Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, 1000 Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Tamara Felber
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erik H. Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Characterization of Imidazole Compounds in Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosol Generated from Evaporation of Droplets Containing Pyruvaldehyde and Inorganic Ammonium. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole compounds are important constituents of atmospheric brown carbon. The imidazole components of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) that are generated from the evaporation of droplets containing pyruvaldehyde and inorganic ammonium are on-line characterized by an aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ALTOFMS) and off-line detected by optical spectrometry in this study. The results demonstrated that the laser desorption/ionization mass spectra of aqSOA particles that were detected by ALTOFMS contained the characteristic mass peaks of imidazoles at m/z = 28 (CH2N+), m/z = 41 (C2H3N+) and m/z = 67 (C3H4N2+). Meanwhile, the extraction solution of the aqSOA particles that were measured by off-line techniques showed that the characteristic absorption peaks at 217 nm and 282 nm appeared in the UV-Vis spectrum, and the stretching vibration peaks of C-N bond and C=N bond emerged in the infrared spectrum. Based on these spectral information, 4-methyl-imidazole and 4-methyl-imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde are identified as the main products of the reaction between pyruvaldehyde and ammonium ions. The water evaporation accelerates the formation of imidazoles inside the droplets, possibly owing to the highly concentrated environment. Anions, such as F−, CO32−, NO3−, SO42− and Cl− in the aqueous phase promote the reaction of pyruvaldehyde and ammonium ions to produce imidazole products, resulting in the averaged mass absorption coefficient (<MAC>) in the range of 200–600 nm of aqSOA increases, and the order of promotion is: F− > CO32− > SO42− ≈ NO3− ≈ Cl−. These results will help to analyze the constituents and optics of imidazoles and provide a useful basis for evaluating the formation process and radiative forcing of aqSOA particles.
Collapse
|
6
|
Martins-Costa MTC, Anglada JM, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Photosensitization mechanisms at the air-water interface of aqueous aerosols. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2624-2631. [PMID: 35340860 PMCID: PMC8890110 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06866k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitization reactions are believed to provide a key contribution to the overall oxidation chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere. Generally, these processes take place on the surface of aqueous aerosols, where organic surfactants accumulate and react, either directly or indirectly, with the activated photosensitizer. However, the mechanisms involved in these important interfacial phenomena are still poorly known. This work sheds light on the reaction mechanisms of the photosensitizer imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde through ab initio (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations and high-level ab initio calculations. The nature of the lowest excited states of the system (singlets and triplets) is described in detail for the first time in the gas phase, in bulk water, and at the air–water interface, and possible intersystem crossing mechanisms leading to the reactive triplet state are analyzed. Moreover, the reactive triplet state is shown to be unstable at the air–water surface in a pure water aerosol. The combination of this finding with the results obtained for simple surfactant-photosensitizer models, together with experimental data from the literature, suggests that photosensitization reactions assisted by imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde at the surface of aqueous droplets can only occur in the presence of surfactant species, such as fatty acids, that stabilize the photoactivated triplet at the interface. These findings should help the interpretation of field measurements and the design of new laboratory experiments to better understand atmospheric photosensitization processes. First-principles molecular dynamics simulations of imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde at the air–water interface highlight the role of surfactants in stabilising the reactive triplet state involved in photosensitisation reactions in aqueous aerosols.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilia T C Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Josep M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica IQAC-CSIC c/ Jordi Girona 18 E-08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104-631 USA
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Felber T, Schaefer T, He L, Herrmann H. Aromatic Carbonyl and Nitro Compounds as Photosensitizers and Their Photophysical Properties in the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5078-5095. [PMID: 34096724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmospheric aqueous/particulate phase by photosensitized reactions is currently subject to uncertainties. To understand the impact of photosensitized reactions, photophysical and -chemical properties of photosensitizers, kinetic data, and reaction mechanisms of these processes are required. The photophysical properties of acetophenones, benzaldehydes, benzophenones, and naphthalenes were investigated in aqueous solution using laser flash excitation. Quantum yields of excited photosensitizers were determined giving values between 0.06-0.80 at 298 K and pH = 5. Molar absorption coefficients (εmax(3PS*) = (0.8-13) × 104 L mol-1 cm-1), decay rate constants in water (k1st = (9.4 ± 0.5) × 102 to (2.2 ± 0.1) × 105 s-1), and quenching rate constants with oxygen (kq(O2) = (1.7 ± 0.1-4.4 ± 0.4) × 109 L mol-1 s-1) of the excited triplet states were determined at 298 K and pH = 5. Photosensitized reactions of carboxylic acids and alkenes show second-order rate constants in the range of (37 ± 7.0-0.55 ± 0.1) × 104 and (27 ± 5.0-0.04 ± 0.01) × 108 L mol-1 s-1. The results show that different compound classes act differently as a photosensitizer and can be a sink for certain organic compounds in the atmospheric aqueous phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Felber
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lin He
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|