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Devore DP, Ellington TL, Shuford KL. Elucidating the Role of Electron-Donating Groups in Halogen Bonding. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1477-1490. [PMID: 38373286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Computational quantum chemical techniques were utilized to systematically examine how electron-donating groups affect the electronic and spectroscopic properties of halogen bond donors and their corresponding complexes. Unlike the majority of studies on halogen bonding, where electron-withdrawing groups are utilized, this work investigates the influence of electron-donating substituents within the halogen bond donors. Statistical analyses were performed on the descriptors of halogen bond donors in a prescribed set of archetype, halo-alkyne, halo-benzene, and halo-ethynyl benzene halogen bond systems. The σ-hole magnitude, binding and interaction energies, and the vibrational X···N local force constant (where X = Cl, Br, I, and At) were found to correlate very well in a monotonic and linear manner with all other properties studied. In addition, enhanced halogen bonds were found when the systems contained electron-donating groups that could form intramolecular hydrogen bonds with the electronegative belt of the halogen atom and adjacent linker features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Devore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Thomas L Ellington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Kevin L Shuford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
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2
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Abstract
Quantum calculations study the potential of an intramolecular H-bond between the halogen atom (X) of a halobenzene and a substituent placed ortho to it, to amplify the ability of X to engage in a halogen bond (XB) with a Lewis base. H-bonding substituents NH2, CH2CH2OH, CH2OH, OH, and COOH were added to halobenzenes (X = Cl, Br, I). The amino group had little effect, but those containing OH increased the CX···N XB energy to a NH3 nucleophile by about 0.5 kcal/mol; the increment associated with COOH is larger, nearly 2 kcal/mol. These energy increments were approximately doubled if two such H-bonding substituents are present. Combining a pair of ortho COOH groups with an electron-withdrawing NO2 group in the para position has a particularly large effect, raising the XB energy by about 4 kcal/mol, which can amount to as much as a 4-fold magnification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Scheiner S. Ability of Peripheral H Bonds to Strengthen a Halogen Bond. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9691-9698. [PMID: 36520542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantum calculations study the manner in which the involvement of a halogen atom as a proton acceptor in one or more H bonds (HBs) affects the strength of the halogen bond (XB) it can form with a nucleophile aligned with the X σ-hole. A variety of Lewis acids wherein X = F, Cl, Br, and I are attached to a tetrel atom C or Ge engaged in a XB with nucleophile NH3. One, two, and three HF molecules were positioned perpendicular to the XB axis so that they could form a HB to the X atom. Each such HB strengthened the XB by an increment of 1 kcal/mol or more that does not attenuate as each new HB is added, potentially increasing the interaction energy manyfold. Additionally, the presence of one or more HBs facilitates the formation of a XB by molecules which are reluctant to engage in such a bond in the absence of these auxiliary interactions. Even the F atom, which avoids such a XB, can be coaxed to participate in a XB of moderate strength by one or more of these external HBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Ellington TL, Devore DP, Uvin G De Alwis WM, French KA, Shuford KL. Shedding Light on the Vibrational Signatures in Halogen-Bonded Graphitic Carbon Nitride Building Blocks. Chemphyschem 2022; 24:e202200812. [PMID: 36480235 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relative contributions of halogen and hydrogen bonding to the interaction between graphitic carbon nitride monomers and halogen bond (XB) donors containing C-X and C≡C bonds were evaluated using computational vibrational spectroscopy. Conventional probes into select vibrational stretching frequencies can often lead to disconnected results. To elucidate this behavior, local mode analyses were performed on the XB donors and complexes identified previously at the M06-2X/aVDZ-PP level of theory. Due to coupling between low and high energy C-X vibrations, the C≡C stretch is deemed a better candidate when analyzing XB complex properties or detecting XB formation. The local force constants support this conclusion, as the C≡C values correlate much better with the σ-hole magnitude than their C-X counterparts. The intermolecular local stretching force constants were also assessed, and it was found that attractive forces other than halogen bonding play a supporting role in complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Ellington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - Daniel P Devore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - W M Uvin G De Alwis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - Kirk A French
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
| | - Kevin L Shuford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798-7348, USA
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Scheiner S. Adjusting the balance between hydrogen and chalcogen bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28944-28955. [PMID: 36416473 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A complex is assembled which pairs a carboxyl group of X1COOH with a 1,2,5-chalcogenadiazole ring containing substituents on its C atoms. The OH of the carboxyl group donates a proton to a N atom of the ring to form a OH⋯N H-bond (HB), while its carbonyl O engages in a Y⋯O chalcogen bond (ChB) with the ring in which Y = S, Se, Te. The ChB is strengthened by enlarging the size of the Y atom from S to Se to Te. Placement of an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) X1 on the acid strengthens the HB while weakening the ChB; the reverse occurs when EWGs are placed on the ring. By selection of the proper substituents on the two units, it is possible to achieve a near perfect balance between the strengths of these two bonds. These bond strengths are also reflected in the NMR spectroscopic properties of the chemical shielding of the various atoms and the coupling between the nuclei directly involved in each bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
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Persistent prevalence of non-covalent interaction in pyrimidine containing sulfonamide derivative: A quantum computational analysis. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Scheiner S. Properties and Stabilities of Cyclic and Open Chains of Halogen Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6443-6455. [PMID: 36084144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Open and cyclic chains from two to eight units of ICl and IF are constructed and examined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These chains contain either I···I or I···X halogen bonds (XBs) where X refers to Cl or F. The closed rings are more stable than the open chains due to the presence of an additional XB and enhanced cooperativity. This pattern is true even for most trimers where there is sizable geometric distortion in the rings. I···F rings are generally more stable than the corresponding I···I cycles as the I···F bond is stronger than I···I even in the simple dimer. However, I···I rings are comparable in energy to I···Cl. It is possible to construct I···I rings of at least as large as eight units, which are held together exclusively by XBs. On the other hand, the maximum possible size of I···X rings is 6. Red shifts are observed in the I-X stretching frequency bands, which magnify as the chain, both cyclic and open, grows longer. The NMR chemical shielding of the I atoms increases for I···I chains but diminishes when I···Cl bonds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Abstract
The chalcogen Y atom in the aromatic ring of thiophene and its derivatives YC4H4 (Y = S, Se, Te) can engage in a number of different interactions with another such unit within the homodimer. Quantum calculations show that the two rings can be oriented perpendicular to one another in a T-shaped dimer in which the Y atom accepts electron density from the π-system of the other unit in a Y···π chalcogen bond (ChB). This geometry best takes advantage of attractions between the electrostatic potentials surrounding the two monomers. There are two other geometries in which the two Y atoms engage in a ChB with one another. However, instead of a simple interaction between a σ-hole on one Y and the lone pair of its neighbor, the interaction is better described as a pair of symmetrically equivalent Y···Y interactions, in which charge is transferred in both directions simultaneously, thereby effectively doubling the strength of the bond. These geometries differ from what might be expected based simply on the juxtaposition of the electrostatic potentials of the two monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Lambert EC, Williams AE, Fortenberry RC, Hammer NI. Probing halogen bonding interactions between heptafluoro-2-iodopropane and three azabenzenes with Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11713-11720. [PMID: 35506511 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential formation of halogen bonded complexes between a donor, heptafluoro-2-iodopropane (HFP), and the three acceptor heterocyclic azines (azabenzenes: pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyridazine) is investigated herein through normal mode analysis via Raman spectroscopy, density functional theory, and natural electron configuration analysis. Theoretical Raman spectra of the halogen bonded complexes are in good agreement with experimental data providing insight into the Raman spectra of these complexes. The exhibited shifts in vibrational frequency of as high as 8 cm-1 for each complex demonstrate, in conjunction with NEC analysis, significant evidence of charge transfer from the halogen bond acceptor to donor. Here, an interesting charge flow mechanism is proposed involving the donated nitrogen lone pair electrons pushing the dissociated fluorine atoms back to their respective atoms. This mechanism provides further insight into the formation and fundamental nature of halogen bonding and its effects on neighboring atoms. The present findings provide novel and deeper characterization of halogen bonding with applications in supramolecular and organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38655, USA.
| | - Ashley E Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38655, USA. .,University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Office of Student Affairs, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38655, USA.
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38655, USA.
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Zheng J, Suwardi A, Wong CJE, Loh XJ, Li Z. Halogen bonding regulated functional nanomaterials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6342-6357. [PMID: 36133496 PMCID: PMC9419782 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions have gained increasing attention for use as a driving force to fabricate various supramolecular architectures, exhibiting great potential in crystal and materials engineering and supramolecular chemistry. As one of the most powerful non-covalent bonds, the halogen bond has recently received increasing attention in functional nanomaterial design. The present review describes the latest studies based on halogen bonding induced self-assembly and its applications. Due to the high directionality and controllable interaction strength, halogen bonding can provide a facile platform for the design and synthesis of a myriad of nanomaterials. In addition, both the fundamental aspects and the real engineering applications are discussed, which encompass molecular recognition and sensing, organocatalysis, and controllable multifunctional materials and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Ady Suwardi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Claris Jie Ee Wong
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore S117576 Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
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Wysokiński R, Zierkiewicz W, Michalczyk M, Scheiner S. Ability of Lewis Acids with Shallow σ-Holes to Engage in Chalcogen Bonds in Different Environments. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216394. [PMID: 34770803 PMCID: PMC8586936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules of the type XYT = Ch (T = C, Si, Ge; Ch = S, Se; X,Y = H, CH3, Cl, Br, I) contain a σ-hole along the T = Ch bond extension. This hole can engage with the N lone pair of NCH and NCCH3 so as to form a chalcogen bond. In the case of T = C, these bonds are rather weak, less than 3 kcal/mol, and are slightly weakened in acetone or water. They owe their stability to attractive electrostatic energy, supplemented by dispersion, and a much smaller polarization term. Immersion in solvent reverses the electrostatic interaction to repulsive, while amplifying the polarization energy. The σ-holes are smaller for T = Si and Ge, even negative in many cases. These Lewis acids can nonetheless engage in a weak chalcogen bond. This bond owes its stability to dispersion in the gas phase, but it is polarization that dominates in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (W.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (W.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (W.Z.); (S.S.)
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Anion-Anion Interactions in Aerogen-Bonded Complexes. Influence of Solvent Environment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082116. [PMID: 33917030 PMCID: PMC8067769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio calculations are applied to the question as to whether a AeX5- anion (Ae = Kr, Xe) can engage in a stable complex with another anion: F-, Cl-, or CN-. The latter approaches the central Ae atom from above the molecular plane, along its C5 axis. While the electrostatic repulsion between the two anions prevents their association in the gas phase, immersion of the system in a polar medium allows dimerization to proceed. The aerogen bond is a weak one, with binding energies less than 2 kcal/mol, even in highly polar aqueous solvent. The complexes are metastable in the less polar solvents THF and DMF, with dissociation opposed by a small energy barrier.
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Abstract
The tetrel bond (TB) recruits an element drawn from the C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb family as electron acceptor in an interaction with a partner Lewis base. The underlying principles that explain this attractive interaction are described in terms of occupied and vacant orbitals, total electron density, and electrostatic potential. These principles facilitate a delineation of the factors that feed into a strong TB. The geometric deformation that occurs within the tetrel-bearing Lewis acid monomer is a particularly important issue, with both primary and secondary effects. As a first-row atom of low polarizability, C is a reluctant participant in TBs, but its preponderance in organic and biochemistry make it extremely important that its potential in this regard be thoroughly understood. The IR and NMR manifestations of tetrel bonding are explored as spectroscopy offers a bridge to experimental examination of this phenomenon. In addition to the most common σ-hole type TBs, discussion is provided of π-hole interactions which are a result of a common alternate covalent bonding pattern of tetrel atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
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