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Szostak R, de Souza Gonçalves A, de Freitas JN, Marchezi PE, de Araújo FL, Tolentino HCN, Toney MF, das Chagas Marques F, Nogueira AF. In Situ and Operando Characterizations of Metal Halide Perovskite and Solar Cells: Insights from Lab-Sized Devices to Upscaling Processes. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3160-3236. [PMID: 36877871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance and stability of metal halide perovskite solar cells strongly depend on precursor materials and deposition methods adopted during the perovskite layer preparation. There are often a number of different formation pathways available when preparing perovskite films. Since the precise pathway and intermediary mechanisms affect the resulting properties of the cells, in situ studies have been conducted to unravel the mechanisms involved in the formation and evolution of perovskite phases. These studies contributed to the development of procedures to improve the structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of the films and to move beyond spin-coating, with the use of scalable techniques. To explore the performance and degradation of devices, operando studies have been conducted on solar cells subjected to normal operating conditions, or stressed with humidity, high temperatures, and light radiation. This review presents an update of studies conducted in situ using a wide range of structural, imaging, and spectroscopic techniques, involving the formation/degradation of halide perovskites. Operando studies are also addressed, emphasizing the latest degradation results for perovskite solar cells. These works demonstrate the importance of in situ and operando studies to achieve the level of stability required for scale-up and consequent commercial deployment of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Szostak
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jilian Nei de Freitas
- Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI), 13069-901 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Marchezi
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Francineide Lopes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Cesar Nogueira Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Ana Flavia Nogueira
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Wang X, Sun Y, Wang Y, Ai XC, Zhang JP. Lewis Base Plays a Double-Edged-Sword Role in Trap State Engineering of Perovskite Polycrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1571-1577. [PMID: 35138109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the double-edged-sword effect of the thiourea (a typical Lewis base) additive for tailoring the trap state distribution of perovskite polycrystalline films. Through the thiourea treatment, the polycrystal grain size is greatly increased because of the reduced crystallization activation energy, which, together with the surface defect passivation, alters the density of the energetically "deep" and "shallow" trap states in a trade-off manner. Based on this finding and further photoelectric and spectral studies, the nonmonotonic dependence of the photoluminescence intensity on the thiourea concentration and the complicated time-resolved photoluminescence behavior are excellently clarified. As a proof of concept, the photophysical performance of perovskite polycrystals is optimized via a modified Lewis base treatment by taking the proposed double-edged-sword effect into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xi-Cheng Ai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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Mrkyvkova N, Held V, Nádaždy P, Subair R, Majkova E, Jergel M, Vlk A, Ledinsky M, Kotlár M, Tian J, Siffalovic P. Combined in Situ Photoluminescence and X-ray Scattering Reveals Defect Formation in Lead-Halide Perovskite Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10156-10162. [PMID: 34637618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskites have established a firm foothold in photovoltaics and optoelectronics due to their steadily increasing power conversion efficiencies approaching conventional inorganic single-crystal semiconductors. However, further performance improvement requires reducing defect-assisted, nonradiative recombination of charge carriers in the perovskite layers. A deeper understanding of perovskite formation and associated process control is a prerequisite for effective defect reduction. In this study, we analyze the crystallization kinetics of the lead-halide perovskite MAPbI3-xClx during thermal annealing, employing in situ photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy complemented by lab-based grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). In situ GIWAXS measurements are used to quantify the transition from a crystalline precursor to the perovskite structure. We show that the nonmonotonous character of PL intensity development reflects the perovskite phase volume, as well as the occurrence of the defects states at the perovskite layer surface and grain boundaries. The combined characterization approach enables easy determination of defect kinetics during perovskite formation in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Mrkyvkova
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Held
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Nádaždy
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Riyas Subair
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Majkova
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Jergel
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Aleš Vlk
- Laboratory of Thin Films, Institute of Physics, ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ledinsky
- Laboratory of Thin Films, Institute of Physics, ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mário Kotlár
- Center for Nano-diagnostics, Slovak University of Technology, Vazovova 5, 81243 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jianjun Tian
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Peter Siffalovic
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Sun Y, Wang X, Wang HY, Yuan S, Wang Y, Ai XC, Zhang JP. Lewis Base-Mediated Perovskite Crystallization as Revealed by In Situ, Real-Time Optical Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5357-5362. [PMID: 34076449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The strategy of Lewis base modification has been shown to be rather effective in fabricating high-quality perovskite crystals; however, the underlying mechanisms remain controversial owing to the lack of any systematic characterization of the crystallization process. Herein, we report a novel non-invasive optical technique, termed vertical reflection-type in situ, real-time absorption spectroscopy, to investigate the mechanisms of Lewis base-mediated optimization of perovskite crystallinity by visualizing the entire energetic landscape of crystal growth. We show that by virtue of the urea additive, a prototypical Lewis base, the growth kinetics is accelerated prominently by decreasing the activation energy from 73.7 to 41.7 kJ/mol. In addition, the self-passivation of structural disorder during thermal annealing is identified, which is shown to be further strengthened by urea modification toward a shallower distribution of trap states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xinli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hao-Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xi-Cheng Ai
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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