|
1
|
Shi X, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Li Z, Tang Y, Fu H, Liu Y, Zhang ZG, Pu M, Lei M. The GaCl 3-Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation To Achieve Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Small-Molecule Acceptors: A DFT Mechanistic Study. J Org Chem 2024; 89:14408-14417. [PMID: 39311017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the reaction mechanism for the GaCl3-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of 2-formylindacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene (ITIC-CHO) and active methylene compound 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone (IC) to synthesize ITIC in the presence of acetic anhydride was investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The calculated results indicate that this reaction follows a bimolecular GaCl3 catalytic mechanism. The free energy span for the monomolecular GaCl3 catalytic mechanism is the highest (31.8 kcal/mol), followed by the trimolecular GaCl3 catalytic mechanism (26.4 kcal/mol) and the bimolecular GaCl3 catalytic mechanism (26.3 kcal/mol). The trimolecular GaCl3 path and bimolecular GaCl3 path are competitive, but the former path is limited by the concentration of GaCl3. The inclusion of GaCl3 could stabilize the transition states of C-H activation. Compared to the GaCl3-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation, that catalyzed by pyridine is not advantageous, owning a high energy span of 31.7 kcal/mol. These agree well with experimental results. This work could provide a novel theoretical understanding of the Knoevenagel condensation, which could inspire the development of a synthesis strategy for electron acceptor materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026,China
| | - Zhewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanhui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongyuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yangqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Zhu L, Zhang L, Yang Z, Pu M, Lei M. A theoretical study of the hydroboration of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds catalyzed by a metal-free complex and subsequent C–C coupling with acetonitrile. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02218k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the density functional theory (DFT) method was employed to investigate the reaction mechanism of the selective hydroboration of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds catalyzed by the metal-free complex 1,3,2-diazaphospholene (DAP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Institute of Computational Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Institute of Computational Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
| | - Zuoyin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Institute of Computational Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Institute of Computational Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Institute of Computational Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
| |
Collapse
|