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Ren FD, Liu YZ, Wang XL, Qiu LL, Meng ZH, Cheng X, Li YX. Strong External Electric Fields Reduce Explosive Sensitivity: A Theoretical Investigation into the Reaction Selectivity in NH2NO2∙∙∙NH3. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062586. [PMID: 36985558 PMCID: PMC10058811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the selectivity of a detonation initiation reaction of explosive is essential to reduce sensitivity, and it seems impossible to reduce it by strengthening the external electric field. To verify this, the effects of external electric fields on the initiation reactions in NH2NO2∙∙∙NH3, a model system of the nitroamine explosive with alkaline additive, were investigated at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,p) and CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2d,p) levels. The concerted effect in the intermolecular hydrogen exchange is characterized by an index of the imaginary vibrations. Due to the weakened concerted effects by the electric field along the −x-direction opposite to the “reaction axis”, the dominant reaction changes from the intermolecular hydrogen exchange to 1,3-intramolecular hydrogen transference with the increase in the field strengths. Furthermore, the stronger the field strengths, the higher the barrier heights become, indicating the lower sensitivities. Therefore, by increasing the field strength and adjusting the orientation between the field and “reaction axis”, not only can the reaction selectivity be controlled, but the sensitivity can also be reduced, in particular under a super-strong field. Thus, a traditional concept, in which the explosive is dangerous under the super-strong external electric field, is theoretically broken. Compared to the neutral medium, a low sensitivity of the explosive with alkaline can be achieved under the stronger field. Employing atoms in molecules, reduced density gradient, and surface electrostatic potentials, the origin of the reaction selectivity and sensitivity change is revealed. This work provides a new idea for the technical improvement regarding adding the external electric field into the explosive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-De Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-351-392-2117
| | - Ying-Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Li-Li Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zi-Hui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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Arathala P, Musah RA. Theoretical Study of the Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane Sulfonamide Initiated by OH Radicals and the CH 3S(O) 2N •H + 3O 2 Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9447-9460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parandaman Arathala
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany─State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York12222, United States
| | - Rabi A. Musah
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany─State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York12222, United States
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Xie J, Song J, Shi G, Wang X, He Y. Theoretical investigations on the reaction of ethenol with triplet oxygen atom. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2140718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jibiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinou Song
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongdi He
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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DeVault MP, Ziola AC, Ziemann PJ. Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Reactions of Monoterpenes with OH Radicals in the Presence of NO x. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7719-7736. [PMID: 36251783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are emitted to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources, leads to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles that impact air quality and climate. In the study reported here, we investigated the products of the reactions of five biogenic monoterpenes with OH radicals (an important daytime oxidant) under conditions that mimic the chemistry that occurs in polluted air, and developed mechanisms to explain their formation. Experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber, and information on the identity of gas-phase molecular products was obtained using online mass spectrometry, while liquid chromatography and two methods of functional group analysis were used to characterize the SOA composition. The gas-phase products of the reactions were similar to those formed in our previous studies of the reactions of these monoterpenes with NO3 radicals (an important nighttime oxidant), in that they all contained various combinations of nitrate, carbonyl, hydroxyl, ester, and ether groups. But in spite of this, less SOA was formed in OH/NOx reactions and it was composed of monomers, while SOA formed in NO3 radical reactions consisted of acetal and hemiacetal oligomers formed by particle-phase accretion reactions. In addition, it appeared that some monomers underwent particle-phase hydrolysis, whereas oligomers did not. These differences are due primarily to the arrangement of hydroxyl, carbonyl, nitrate, and ether groups in the monomers, which can in turn be explained by differences in OH and NO3 radical reaction mechanisms. The results provide insight into the impact of VOC structure on the amount and composition of SOA formed by atmospheric oxidation, which influence important aerosol properties such as volatility and hygroscopicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla P DeVault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Anna C Ziola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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Arathala P, Musah RA. Thermochemistry and Kinetics of the Atmospheric Oxidation Reactions of Propanesulfinyl Chloride Initiated by OH Radicals: A Computational Approach. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4264-4276. [PMID: 35758544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thermochemistry and kinetics of the atmospheric oxidation mechanism for propanesulfinyl chloride (CH3-CH2-CH2-S(═O)Cl; PSICl) initiated by the hydroxyl (OH) radical were investigated with high level quantum chemistry calculations and the Master equation solver for multi-energy well reaction (Mesmer) kinetic code. The mechanism for the oxidation of PSICl in the presence of OH radical can proceed via H-abstraction and substitution pathways. The CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z//MP2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level calculated energies revealed addition of the OH radical to the S-atom of the sulfinyl (-S(═O)) moiety, followed by cleavage of the Cl-S(═O) single bond, leading to formation of propanesulfinic acid (PSIA) and the Cl radical to be the major pathway when compared to all other possible channels. The transition state barrier height for this reaction was found to be -3.0 kcal mol-1 relative to the energy of the starting PSICl + OH radical reactants. The rate coefficients were calculated for all possible paths in the atmospherically relevant temperature range of 200-320 K and at 1 atm. The rate coefficient for the formation of the PSIA + Cl radical from the PSICl + OH radical reaction was found to be 8.2 × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K and a pressure of 1 atm. From branching ratio calculations, it was revealed that the reaction resulting in the formation of the PSIA + Cl radical contributed ∼52% to the total reaction. The overall rate coefficient for the PSICl + OH reaction was also calculated and found to be 1.6 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K and a pressure of 1 atm. In the aggregate, the results indicate the atmospheric lifetime of PSICl to be ∼12-20 h in the temperature range between 200 and 320 K, which suggests that its contribution to global warming is negligible. However, the degradation products revealed to be formed in its interactions with the OH radical, which include that SO2, Cl radical, HO2 radical, and propylene have significant effects on the formation of acid rain, secondary organic aerosols, the ozone layer, and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parandaman Arathala
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany─State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Rabi A Musah
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany─State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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DeVault MP, Ziemann PJ. Gas- and Particle-Phase Products and Their Mechanisms of Formation from the Reaction of Δ-3-Carene with NO 3 Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10207-10222. [PMID: 34791878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are a major component of the large quantities of biogenic volatile organic compounds that are emitted to the atmosphere each year. They have a variety of structures, which influences their subsequent reactions with OH radicals, O3, or NO3 radicals and the tendency for these reactions to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Here we report the results of an environmental chamber study of the reaction of Δ-3-carene, an abundant unsaturated C10 bicyclic monoterpene, with NO3 radicals, a major nighttime oxidant. Gas- and particle-phase reaction products were analyzed in real time and offline by using mass spectrometry, gas and liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and derivatization-spectrophotometric methods. The results were used to identify and quantify functional groups and molecular products and to develop gas- and particle-phase reaction mechanisms to explain their formation. Identified gas-phase products were all first-generation ring-retaining and ring-opened compounds (ten C10 and one C9 monomers) with 2-4 functional groups and one C20 dinitrooxydialkyl peroxide dimer. Upon partitioning to the particle phase, the monomers reacted further to form oligomers consisting almost entirely of C20 acetal and hemiacetal dimers, with those formed from a hydroxynitrate and hydroxycarbonyl nitrate comprising more than 50% of the SOA mass. The SOA contained an average of 0.94, 0.71, 0.15, 0.11, 0.16, 0.13, and 7.80 nitrate, carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, ester, peroxide, and methylene groups per C10 monomer and was formed with a mass yield of 56%. These results have important similarities and differences to those obtained from a previous similar study of the reaction of β-pinene and yield new insights into the effects of monoterpene structure on gas- and particle-phase reactions that can lead to the formation of a large variety of multifunctional products and significant amounts of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla P DeVault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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