1
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Matsugi A, Suzuki S. Ring Growth Mechanism in the Reaction between Fulvenallenyl and Cyclopentadienyl Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1327-1338. [PMID: 38351621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Recombination between resonance-stabilized hydrocarbon radicals is an important class of reactions that contribute to molecular growth chemistry in combustion. In the present study, the ring growth mechanism in the reaction between fulvenallenyl (C7H5) and cyclopentadienyl (C5H5) radicals is investigated computationally. The reaction pathways are explored by quantum chemical calculations, and the phenomenological and steady-state rate constants are determined by solving the multiple-well master equations. The primary reaction routes following the recombination between the two radicals are found to be as follows: formation of the adducts, isomerization by hydrogen shift reactions, cyclization to form tricyclic compounds, and their isomerization and dissociation reactions, leading to the formation of acenaphthylene. The overall process can be approximately represented as C7H5 + C5H5 → acenaphthylene + 2H with the bimolecular rate constant of about 4 × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. A reaction mechanism consisting of 20 reactions, including the formation, isomerization, and dissociation processes of major intermediate species, is proposed for use in kinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsugi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Suzuki
- Research Institute for Energy Conversion, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-8564, Japan
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2
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Yang Z, Galimova GR, He C, Goettl SJ, Paul D, Lu W, Ahmed M, Mebel AM, Li X, Kaiser RI. Gas-phase formation of the resonantly stabilized 1-indenyl (C 9H 7•) radical in the interstellar medium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5060. [PMID: 37682989 PMCID: PMC10491290 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The 1-indenyl (C9H7•) radical, a prototype aromatic and resonantly stabilized free radical carrying a six- and a five-membered ring, has emerged as a fundamental molecular building block of nonplanar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonaceous nanostructures in deep space and combustion systems. However, the underlying formation mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we reveal an unconventional low-temperature gas-phase formation of 1-indenyl via barrierless ring annulation involving reactions of atomic carbon [C(3P)] with styrene (C6H5C2H3) and propargyl (C3H3•) with phenyl (C6H5•). Macroscopic environments like molecular clouds act as natural low-temperature laboratories, where rapid molecular mass growth to 1-indenyl and subsequently complex PAHs involving vinyl side-chained aromatics and aryl radicals can occur. These reactions may account for the formation of PAHs and their derivatives in the interstellar medium and carbonaceous chondrites and could close the gap of timescales of their production and destruction in our carbonaceous universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Galiya R. Galimova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Shane J. Goettl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Dababrata Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Xiaohu Li
- Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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3
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Caster KL, Lee J, Donnellan Z, Selby TM, Osborn DL, Goulay F. Formation of a Resonance-Stabilized Radical Intermediate by Hydroxyl Radical Addition to Cyclopentadiene. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9031-9041. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kacee L. Caster
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - James Lee
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Zachery Donnellan
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Talitha M. Selby
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, West Bend, Wisconsin53095, United States
| | - David L. Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Mail Stop 9055, Livermore, California94551, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Fabien Goulay
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
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4
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Kaiser RI, Zhao L, Lu W, Ahmed M, Zagidullin MV, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. Formation of Benzene and Naphthalene through Cyclopentadienyl-Mediated Radical-Radical Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:208-213. [PMID: 34967648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Resonantly stabilized free radicals (RSFRs) have been contemplated as fundamental molecular building blocks and reactive intermediates in molecular mass growth processes leading to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonaceous nanoparticles on Earth and in deep space. By combining molecular beams and computational fluid dynamics simulations, we provide compelling evidence on the formation of benzene via the cyclopentadienyl-methyl reaction and of naphthalene through the cyclopentadienyl self-reaction, respectively. These systems offer benchmarks for the conversion of a five-membered ring to the 6π-aromatic (benzene) and the generation of the simplest 10π-PAH (naphthalene) at elevated temperatures. These results uncover molecular mass growth processes from the "bottom up" via RSFRs in high temperature circumstellar environments and combustion systems expanding our fundamental knowledge of the organic, hydrocarbon chemistry in our universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marsel V Zagidullin
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara Branch, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara Branch, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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5
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Caster KL, Selby TM, Osborn DL, Le Picard SD, Goulay F. Product Detection of the CH(X 2Π) Radical Reaction with Cyclopentadiene: A Novel Route to Benzene. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6927-6939. [PMID: 34374546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the methylidyne radical (CH(X2Π)) with cyclopentadiene (c-C5H6) is studied in the gas phase at 4 Torr and 373 K using a multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometer. Under multiple collision conditions, the dominant product channel observed is the formation of C6H6 + H. Fitting the photoionization spectrum using reference spectra allows for isomeric resolution of C6H6 isomers, where benzene is the largest contributor with a relative branching fraction of 90 (±5)%. Several other C6H6 isomers are found to have smaller contributions, including fulvene with a branching fraction of 8 (±5)%. Master Equation calculations for four different entrance channels on the C6H7 potential energy surface are performed to explore the competition between CH cycloaddition to a C═C bond vs CH insertion into C-H bonds of cyclopentadiene. Previous studies on CH addition to unsaturated hydrocarbons show little evidence for the C-H insertion pathway. The present computed branching fractions support benzene as the sole cyclic product from CH cycloaddition, whereas fulvene is the dominant product from two of the three pathways for CH insertion into the C-H bonds of cyclopentadiene. The combination of experiment with Master Equation calculations implies that insertion must account for ∼10 (±5)% of the overall CH + cyclopentadiene mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacee L Caster
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Talitha M Selby
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, West Bend, Wisconsin 53095, United States
| | - David L Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Mail Stop 9055, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Sebastien D Le Picard
- IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), UMR 6251, Univ Rennes, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Goulay
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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6
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Sundar SP, Al-Hammadi S, Ren Z, da Silva G. Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of the Indenyl Radical: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2782-2790. [PMID: 33783215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemistry and statistical reaction rate theory calculations have been performed to investigate the products and kinetics of indenyl radical decomposition. Three competitive product sets are identified, including formation of a cyclopentadienyl radical (c-C5H5) and diacetylene (C4H2), which has not been included in prior theoretical kinetics investigations. Rate coefficients for indenyl decomposition are determined from master equation simulations at 1800-2400 K and 0.01-100 atm, and temperature- and pressure-dependent rate coefficient expressions are incorporated into a detailed chemical kinetic model for indene pyrolysis. Indenyl is found to predominantly decompose to o-benzyne (o-C6H4) + propargyl (C3H3), with lesser amounts of fulvenallenyl (C7H5) + C2H2 and c-C5H5 + C4H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivathsan P Sundar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Saddam Al-Hammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhonghua Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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7
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Darù A, Hu X, Harvey JN. Iron-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Alkyl Iodides with Alkynes To Yield cis-Olefins: Mechanistic Insights from Computation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1586-1594. [PMID: 32010833 PMCID: PMC6990637 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study, a new procedure for Z-selective olefin synthesis by reductive coupling of alkyl iodides with terminal alkynes in the presence of iron salts is described. This transformation is representative of many newly developed synthetic routes through the involvement of multiple species and phases, which makes mechanistic insight hard to obtain. Here, we report computational work aimed at exploring the possible reaction pathways. DFT calculations lead to two suggested routes, one involving C-I reduction by metallic zinc and radical addition to the alkyne and the other involving addition of two reduced iron species to the alkyne bond followed by reductive elimination. Comparison to experimental results as well as kinetic modeling is used to discuss the likelihood of these and related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Darù
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, École Polytechnique
FÉdÉrale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N. Harvey
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- E-mail:
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8
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Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Lu W, Xu B, Ahmed M, Morozov AN, Mebel AM, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF. Molecular mass growth through ring expansion in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via radical-radical reactions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3689. [PMID: 31417088 PMCID: PMC6695427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent key molecular building blocks leading to carbonaceous nanoparticles identified in combustion systems and extraterrestrial environments. However, the understanding of their formation and growth in these high temperature environments has remained elusive. We present a mechanism through laboratory experiments and computations revealing how the prototype PAH—naphthalene—can be efficiently formed via a rapid 1-indenyl radical—methyl radical reaction. This versatile route converts five- to six-membered rings and provides a detailed view of high temperature mass growth processes that can eventually lead to graphene-type PAHs and two-dimensional nanostructures providing a radical new view about the transformations of carbon in our universe. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent key molecular building blocks in extraterrestrial environments but the understanding of their formation and growth in this environment has remained elusive. Here the authors reveal how naphthalene can be efficiently formed via rapid radical–radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Alexander N Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - A Hasan Howlader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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9
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Caster KL, Donnellan ZN, Selby TM, Goulay F. Kinetic Investigations of the CH (X2Π) Radical Reaction with Cyclopentadiene. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5692-5703. [PMID: 31194547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kacee L. Caster
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Zachery N. Donnellan
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Talitha M. Selby
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, West Bend, Wisconsin 53095, United States
| | - F. Goulay
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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10
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Knyazev VD. Kinetics of the Reaction of the Cyclopentadienyl Radical with Nitrogen Dioxide. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6978-6984. [PMID: 30092642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reaction of the cyclopentadienyl radical (c-C5H5) with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was studied by laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectroscopy. Overall rate constants were obtained in direct real-time experiments in the temperature region 305-800 K and at bath gas densities of (3.0-12.0) × 1016 molecules cm-3. The overall rate constant is independent of temperature between 300 and 400 K but decreases by a factor of approximately 7 above 400 K, without any discernible pressure dependence. A potential energy surface study of the reaction was performed, and an RRKM/master equation model was created. The reaction proceeds via initial addition to one of the two types of atoms of the NO2 molecule (nitrogen or oxygen). The N-bonded adduct can isomerize and decompose back to the reactants; this channel is significantly affected by falloff above 400 K and, although dominant at room temperature, becomes negligible at 600 K and above. The O-bonded adduct undergoes chemically activated isomerizations and decomposition, with a minor contribution from stabilization at low temperatures; this channel dominates at high temperatures and is effectively pressure-independent. The model provides a quantitative explanation for the observed temperature dependence of the rate constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim D Knyazev
- Research Center for Chemical Kinetics Department of Chemistry , The Catholic University of America , Washington , D.C. 20064 , United States
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11
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Thomas AM, Zhao L, He C, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. A Combined Experimental and Computational Study on the Reaction Dynamics of the 1-Propynyl (CH3CC)–Acetylene (HCCH) System and the Formation of Methyldiacetylene (CH3CCCCH). J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6663-6672. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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12
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Shapero M, Ramphal IA, Neumark DM. Photodissociation of the Cyclopentadienyl Radical at 248 nm. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4265-4272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shapero
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Isaac A. Ramphal
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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