1
|
Langeland J, Lindkvist TT, Kjær C, Nielsen SB. Gas-phase Förster resonance energy transfer in mass-selected and trapped ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:477-499. [PMID: 36514825 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Förster Resonance Energy transfer (FRET) is a nonradiative process that may occur from an electronically excited donor to an acceptor when the emission spectrum of the donor overlaps with the absorption spectrum of the acceptor. FRET experiments have been done in the gas phase based on specially designed mass-spectroscopy setups with the goal to obtain structural information on biomolecular ions labeled with a FRET pair (i.e., donor and acceptor dyes) and to shed light on the energy-transfer process itself. Ions are accumulated in a radio-frequency ion trap or a Penning trap where mass selection of those of interest takes place, followed by photoexcitation. Gas-phase FRET is identified from detection of emitted light either from the donor, the acceptor, or both, or from a fragmentation channel that is specific to the acceptor when electronically excited. The challenge associated with the first approach is the collection and detection of photons emitted from a thin ion cloud that is not easily accessible while the second approach relies both on the photophysical and chemical behavior of the acceptor. In this review, we present the different instrumentation used for gas-phase FRET, including a discussion of advantages and disadvantages, and examples on how the technique has provided important structural information that is not easily obtainable otherwise. Furthermore, we describe how the spectroscopic properties of the dyes are affected by nearby electric fields, which is readily discernable from experiments on simple model systems with alkyl or π-conjugated bridges. Such spectral changes can have a significant effect on the FRET efficiency. Ideas for new directions are presented at the end with special focus on cold-ion spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Langeland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Christina Kjær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kjaer C, Vu-Phung A, Toft Lindkvist T, Langeland J, Brøndsted Nielsen S. Cryogenic Ion Fluorescence Spectroscopy: FRET in Rhodamine Homodimers and Heterodimers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302166. [PMID: 37565666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The internal electronic communication between two or more light-absorbers is fundamental for energy-transport processes, a field of large current interest. Here the intrinsic photophysics of homo- and heterodimers of rhodamine cations were studied where just two methylene units bridge the dyes. Gas-phase experiments were done on frozen molecular ions at cryogenic temperatures using the newly built LUNA2 mass spectroscopy setup in Aarhus. Both absorption (from fluorescence excitation) and dispersed-fluorescence spectra were measured. In the gas phase, there is no dielectric screening from solvent molecules, and the effect of charges on transition energies is maximum. Indeed, bands are redshifted compared to those of monomer dyes due to the electric field that each dye senses from the other in a dimer. Importantly, also, as two chemically identical dyes in a homodimer do not experience the same field along the long axis, each dye has separate absorption. At low temperatures, it is therefore possible to selectively excite one dye. Fluorescence is dominantly from the dye with the lowest transition energy no matter which dye is photoexcited. Hence this work unequivocally demonstrates Förster Resonance Energy Transfer even in homodimers where one dye acts as donor and the other as acceptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kjaer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - André Vu-Phung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Toft Lindkvist
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Langeland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tureček F. UV-vis spectroscopy of gas-phase ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:206-226. [PMID: 34392556 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photodissociation action spectroscopy has made a great progress in expanding investigations of gas-phase ion structures. This review deals with aspects of gas-phase ion electronic excitations that result in wavelength-dependent dissociation and light emission via fluorescence, chiefly covering the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum. The principles are briefly outlined and a few examples of instrumentation are presented. The main thrust of the review is to collect and selectively present applications of UV-vis action spectroscopy to studies of stable gas-phase ion structures and combinations of spectroscopy with ion mobility, collision-induced dissociation, and ion-ion reactions leading to the generation of reactive intermediates and electronic energy transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- František Tureček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
MacAleese L, Chan B, Bouakil M, Dugourd P, O'Hair RAJ. Photo-control of bimolecular reactions: reactivity of the long-lived Rhodamine 6G triplet excited state with ˙NO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25038-25047. [PMID: 34605499 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02626g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photo-chemistry provides a non-intuitive but very powerful way to probe kinetically limited, sometimes thermodynamically non-favored reactions and, thus, access highly specific products. However, reactivity in the excited state is difficult to characterize directly, due to short lifetimes and challenges in controlling the reaction medium. Among photo-activatable reagents, rhodamine dyes find widespread uses due to a number of favorable properties including their high absorption coefficient. Their readily adaptable synthesis allows development of tailor-made dyes for specific applications. Remarkably, few studies have directly probed the chemical reactivity of their triplet excited state. Here we present a new conceptual approach to examine the specific chemistry of the triplet excited state. We have developed a pump (488 nm) - probe (600 nm) strategy to examine the gas-phase lifetime and reactivity of the triplet cation of Rhodamine 6G (3Rh6G+) in an ion trap mass spectrometer. The confounding effects of solvent, aggregation and formation of other reactive intermediates is thus avoided allowing fundamental reactivity to be explored. In the presence, in the ion trap, of helium seeded with 1% of nitric oxide (˙NO) (∼ 60 ion/˙NO collisions per second), the triplet lifetime is shortened from 1.9 s to 0.7 s. Simultaneously, the reaction products [Rh6G-H]˙+ and [Rh6G-H + NO]+ are observed. Reaction of 3Rh6G+ with ˙NO2 yields [Rh6G-H]˙+, [Rh6G-H + NO2]+ and [Rh6G-2H]+. None of these products are observed for the singlet, 1Rh6G+. DFT calculations suggest a stepwise mechanism only allowed from 3Rh6G+, in which H atom abstraction by ˙NOx (x = 1 or 2) yields [Rh6G-H]˙+ which, then, reacts with another ˙NOx molecule. This illustrates the power of light to initiate specific chemical reactions, and the relevance of gas-phase ion-molecule reaction approaches to understand stepwise reaction mechanism from specific excited states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke MacAleese
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS - Institut Lumière Matière (iLM), F-69622, LYON, France.
| | - Bun Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nagasaki University - 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Mathilde Bouakil
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS - Institut Lumière Matière (iLM), F-69622, LYON, France.
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS - Institut Lumière Matière (iLM), F-69622, LYON, France.
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne - Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kung JCK, Forman A, Jockusch RA. The effect of methylation on the intrinsic photophysical properties of simple rhodamines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10261-10271. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00730j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase studies of progressively methylated rhodamines display unexpected photophysical trends that are obscured in solution, revealing key solvent effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Forman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kjær C, Nielsen SB. Luminescence spectroscopy of oxazine dye cations isolated in vacuo. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4600-4605. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07340f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase luminescence spectroscopy reveals transition energies of oxazine dye cations with no disturbance from counter ions or solvent molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kjær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yuan J, Wu SQ, Liu MJ, Sato O, Kou HZ. Rhodamine 6G-Labeled Pyridyl Aroylhydrazone Fe(II) Complex Exhibiting Synergetic Spin Crossover and Fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9426-9433. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Qi Wu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mei-Jiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Osamu Sato
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hui-Zhong Kou
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Daly S, Choi CM, Chirot F, MacAleese L, Antoine R, Dugourd P. Action-Self Quenching: Dimer-Induced Fluorescence Quenching of Chromophores as a Probe for Biomolecular Structure. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4604-4610. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Daly
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chang Min Choi
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Luke MacAleese
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Daly S, Knight G, Halim MA, Kulesza A, Choi CM, Chirot F, MacAleese L, Antoine R, Dugourd P. Action-FRET of a Gaseous Protein. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:38-49. [PMID: 27506208 PMCID: PMC5174150 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is an extremely powerful technique for analysis of biological molecules, in particular proteins. One aspect that has been contentious is how much native solution-phase structure is preserved upon transposition to the gas phase by soft ionization methods such as electrospray ionization. To address this question-and thus further develop mass spectrometry as a tool for structural biology-structure-sensitive techniques must be developed to probe the gas-phase conformations of proteins. Here, we report Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements on a ubiquitin mutant using specific photofragmentation as a reporter of the FRET efficiency. The FRET data is interpreted in the context of circular dichroism, molecular dynamics simulation, and ion mobility data. Both the dependence of the FRET efficiency on the charge state-where a systematic decrease is observed-and on methanol concentration are considered. In the latter case, a decrease in FRET efficiency with methanol concentration is taken as evidence that the conformational ensemble of gaseous protein cations retains a memory of the solution phase conformational ensemble upon electrospray ionization. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Daly
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Geoffrey Knight
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Abdul Halim
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Alexander Kulesza
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Chang Min Choi
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université Lyon 1 - CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Luke MacAleese
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Duez Q, Knight G, Daly S, De Winter J, Halin E, MacAleese L, Antoine R, Gerbaux P, Dugourd P. Action-FRET of β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03250h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Action-FRET is introduced as an original method to probe the structure of gaseous non-covalent complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons - UMONS
- 7000 Mons
| | - Geoffrey Knight
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Villeurbanne
| | - Steven Daly
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Villeurbanne
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons - UMONS
- 7000 Mons
| | - Emilie Halin
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons - UMONS
- 7000 Mons
| | - Luke MacAleese
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Villeurbanne
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Villeurbanne
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons - UMONS
- 7000 Mons
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- Institut Lumière Matière
- Villeurbanne
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gillig KJ. Gas-phase protein conformation/multimer ion formation by electrospray ion mobility-mass spectrometry: bovine insulin and ubiquitin. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150368. [PMID: 27644980 PMCID: PMC5031634 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMMS) is a very attractive method for studies in structural biology because of the ability of rapid isolation by nearly simultaneous m/z characterization and size separation, leading to an emergence of IMMS as a complimentary biochemical tool. Earlier, we developed a method based on varying the protein concentration in solution prior to electrospray ionization (ESI) with subsequent m/z selection and dissociation of protein multimers by IMMS of cytochrome c. The focus of this work will be to correctly distinguish truly different ion conformations formed by ESI versus homomultimeric complexes with the same m/z for well-studied proteins bovine ubiquitin and insulin. These proteins were chosen due to their large difference in solution phase structures: insulin tightly bound by disulfide linkages, and ubiquitin-a protein that may adopt a range of states from compact to extended. Our preliminary results, as with cytochrome c reveal false negatives for protein oligomer formation and false positives for protein conformational states. In addition, these results will be couched in terms of the need for quantification of IMMS analysis of proteins given the total area under IMMS peaks can also distinguish conformation versus aggregation as higher order oligomers have more mass per ion.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent J Gillig
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Nangang Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kulesza AJ, Titov E, Daly S, Włodarczyk R, Megow J, Saalfrank P, Choi CM, MacAleese L, Antoine R, Dugourd P. Excited States of Xanthene Analogues: Photofragmentation and Calculations by CC2 and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3129-3138. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jan Kulesza
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière; F-69622 Lyon France
| | - Evgenii Titov
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie; Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Steven Daly
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière; F-69622 Lyon France
| | - Radosław Włodarczyk
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie; Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Jörg Megow
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie; Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie; Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Chang Min Choi
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière; F-69622 Lyon France
| | - Luke MacAleese
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière; F-69622 Lyon France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière; F-69622 Lyon France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière; F-69622 Lyon France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Daly S, Girod M, Vojkovic M, Giuliani A, Antoine R, Nahon L, O'Hair RAJ, Dugourd P. Single-Photon, Double Photodetachment of Nickel Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid 4- Anions. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2586-2590. [PMID: 27327376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon, two-electron photodetachment from nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetra anions, [NiPc](4-), was examined in the gas-phase using a linear ion trap coupled to the DESIRS VUV beamline of the SOLEIL Synchrotron. This system was chosen since it has a low detachment energy, known charge localization, and well-defined geometrical and electronic structures. A threshold for two-electron loss is observed at 10.2 eV, around 1 eV lower than previously observed double detachment thresholds on multiple charged protein anions. The photodetachment energy of [NiPc](4-) has been previously determined to be 3.5 eV and the photodetachment energy of [NiPc](3-•) is determined in this work to be 4.3 eV. The observed single photon double electron detachment threshold is hence 5.9 eV higher than the energy required for sequential single electron loss. Possible mechanisms are for double photodetachment are discussed. These observations pave the way toward new, exciting experiments for probing double photodetachment at relatively low energies, including correlation measurements on emitted photoelectrons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Daly
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306 , F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Marion Girod
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS & ENS Lyon, UMR 5280 , 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marin Vojkovic
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306 , F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP48, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- INRA, UAR1008 Caractérisation et Élaboration des Produits Issus de l'Agriculture, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306 , F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP48, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306 , F-69622 Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Daly S, Kulesza A, Knight G, MacAleese L, Antoine R, Dugourd P. The Gas-Phase Photophysics of Eosin Y and its Maleimide Conjugate. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3484-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Daly
- Institut
Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1 − CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alexander Kulesza
- Institut
Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1 − CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Geoffrey Knight
- Institut
Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1 − CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Luke MacAleese
- Institut
Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1 − CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut
Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1 − CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut
Lumière Matière, Université Lyon 1 − CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|