1
|
Wang M, Wang Y. Advances for Triangular and Sandwich-Shaped All-Metal Aromatics. Molecules 2024; 29:763. [PMID: 38398515 PMCID: PMC10892378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Much experimental work has been contributed to all-metal σ, π and δ-aromaticity among transition metals, semimetallics and other metals in the past two decades. Before our focused investigations on the properties of triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics, A. I. Boldyrev presented general discussions on the concepts of all-metal σ-aromaticity and σ-antiaromaticity for metallo-clusters. Schleyer illustrated that Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts (NICS) were among the most authoritative criteria for aromaticity. Ugalde discussed the earlier developments of all-metal aromatic compounds with all possible shapes. Besides the theoretical predictions, many stable all-metal aromatic trinuclear clusters have been isolated as the metallic analogues of either the σ-aromatic molecule's [H3]+ ion or the π-aromatic molecule's [C3H3]+ ion. Different from Hoffman's opinion on all-metal aromaticity, triangular all-metal aromatics were found to hold great potential in applications in coordination chemistry, catalysis, and material science. Triangular all-metal aromatics, which were theoretically proved to conform to the Hückel (4n + 2) rule and possess the smallest aromatic ring, could also play roles as stable ligands during the formation of all-metal sandwiches. The triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics have not yet been specifically summarized despite their diversity of existence, puissant developments and various interesting applications. These findings are different from the public opinion that all-metal aromatics would be limited to further applications due to their overstated difficulties in synthesis and uncertain stabilities. Our review will specifically focus on the summarization of theoretical predictions, feasible syntheses and isolations, and multiple applications of triangular and sandwich shaped all-metal aromatics. The appropriateness and necessities of this review will emphasize and disseminate their importance and applications forcefully and in a timely manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bhattacharyya S, Bandyopadhyay D, Mukund S, Sen P, Nakhate SG. Ionization Energies and Ground-State Structures of Neutral La n ( n = 2-14) Clusters: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3135-3144. [PMID: 35580328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutral lanthanum clusters are studied by photoionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, laser threshold photoionization spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT). Mass abundance spectra (MS) registered at multiple photoionization wavelengths in the range of 195-230 nm by single photon ionization reveal the production of all sizes, Lan (n ≥ 50), in good abundance, nullifying previously predicted low abundances for certain sizes in the 3-14 size range. Also, the MS do not reveal the extraordinary stability of any specific size, as one would expect, from previous theoretical predictions of 7- and 13-atom clusters as magic. Ionization energies (IEs) are measured for Lan (n = 2-14) clusters. DFT has been used to determine the stable geometric isomers for 2- to 10-atom clusters and to calculate their IEs. The theoretical IEs of 2-7 atom clusters are in decent agreement with their experimental values; however, the theoretical IEs are somewhat lower by ∼0.4 eV for n ≥ 8 than their experimental IEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Bhattacharyya
- Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Section, Physics Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Debashis Bandyopadhyay
- Physics Department, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sheo Mukund
- Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Section, Physics Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Prasenjit Sen
- Harish-Chandra Research Institute, a CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Prayagraj, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211019, India
| | - Sanjay G Nakhate
- Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Section, Physics Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang ZL, Chen TT, Chen WJ, Li WL, Zhao J, Jiang XL, Li J, Wang LS, Hu HS. The smallest 4f-metalla-aromatic molecule of cyclo-PrB 2− with Pr–B multiple bonds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10082-10094. [PMID: 36128247 PMCID: PMC9430590 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02852b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of metalla-aromaticity proposed by Thorn–Hoffmann (Nouv. J. Chim. 1979, 3, 39) has been expanded to organometallic molecules of transition metals that have more than one independent electron-delocalized system. Lanthanides, with highly contracted 4f atomic orbitals, are rarely found in multiply aromatic systems. Here we report the discovery of a doubly aromatic triatomic lanthanide-boron molecule PrB2− based on a joint photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemical investigation. Global minimum structural searches reveal that PrB2− has a C2v triangular structure with a paramagnetic triplet 3B2 electronic ground state, which can be viewed as featuring a trivalent Pr(III,f2) and B24−. Chemical bonding analyses show that this cyclo-PrB2− species is the smallest 4f-metalla-aromatic system exhibiting σ and π double aromaticity and multiple Pr–B bonding characters. It also sheds light on the formation of the rare B24− tetraanion by the high-lying 5d orbitals of the 4f-elements, completing the isoelectronic B24−, C22−, N2, and O22+ series. We report the smallest 4f-metalla-aromatic molecule of PrB2− exhibiting σ and π double aromaticity and multiple Pr–B bond characters.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ling Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Teng-Teng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence 02912, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence 02912, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wan-Lu Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xue-Lian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence 02912, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kulichenko M, Chen WJ, Zhang YY, Xu CQ, Li J, Wang LS. Double σ-Aromaticity in a Planar Zinc-Doped Gold Cluster: Au 9Zn . J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4606-4613. [PMID: 34014680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The strong relativistic effects result in many interesting chemical and physical properties for gold and gold compounds. One of the most surprising findings has been that small gold clusters prefer planar structures. Dopants can be used to tune the electronic and structural properties of gold nanoclusters. Here we report an experimental and theoretical investigation of a Zn-doped gold cluster, Au9Zn-. Photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that Au9Zn- is a highly stable electronic system with an electron binding energy of 4.27 eV. Quantum chemical studies show that the global minimum of Au9Zn- has a D3h structure with a closed-shell electron configuration (1A1'), which can be viewed as replacing the central Au atom by Zn in the open-shell parent Au10- cluster. The high electronic stability of Au9Zn- is corroborated by its extremely large HOMO-LUMO gap of 3.3 eV. Chemical bonding analyses revealed that the D3h Au9Zn- are bonded by two sets of delocalized σ bonds, giving rise to double σ aromaticity and its remarkable stability. Two planar low-lying isomers are also observed, corresponding to a similar triangular structure with the Zn atom on the edge and another one with one of the corner Au atoms moved to the edge of the triangle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Kulichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang W, Wang J, Gong C, Zhu Z, Bowen KH, Zhang X. Magic Clusters PtMg 2,3 H 5 - Facilitated by Local σ-Aromaticity. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2388-2391. [PMID: 32869438 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The concept of local aromaticity has been successfully utilized in understanding the stability of certain atomic clusters. However, all the skeleton atoms in these clusters are covered by at least one local aromatic feature, collectively making the multiple local aromaticities coexist globally. Herein we show the robustness of local aromaticity as a tool for the discovery of novel magic clusters: not all of the skeleton atoms need to be covered by an aromatic feature to make the cluster magic. In this study, the PtMg2,3 H5 - cluster anions are generated by a unique high-current pulsed discharge ion source and found to be magic numbers using mass spectrometry. Photoelectron spectroscopy and calculations confirm that only the PtH4 2- kernels in these clusters are locally aromatic. Based on these results, we propose that local aromaticity can be gainfully utilized as a new potential magic rule in the search for magic numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhaoguo Zhu
- Departments of Chemistry and Material Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kit H Bowen
- Departments of Chemistry and Material Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pham LN, Nguyen MT. Electronic Structure of Neutral and Anionic Scandium Disilicon ScSi2–/0 Clusters and the Related Anion Photoelectron Spectrum. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9401-9410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Nhan Pham
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Computational
Chemistry Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang X, Wang H, Ganteför G, Eichhorn BW, Kiran B, Bowen KH. Photoelectron spectroscopic study of carbon aluminum hydride cluster anions. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:154305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Haopeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Gerd Ganteför
- Facultat für Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bryan W. Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Boggavarapu Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana 70609, USA
| | - Kit H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kafader JO, Topolski JE, Jarrold CC. Molecular and electronic structures of cerium and cerium suboxide clusters. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:154306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jared O. Kafader
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Josey E. Topolski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tian WJ, Guo JC, Li DZ, You XR, Wang YJ, Sun ZM, Zhai HJ. [Sb4Au4Sb4]2−: A designer all-metal aromatic sandwich. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:044308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4959372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Tian
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China
| | - Da-Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Xue-Rui You
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ray M, Kafader JO, Topolski JE, Jarrold CC. Mixed cerium-platinum oxides: Electronic structure of [CeO]Ptn (n = 1, 2) and [CeO2]Pt complex anions and neutrals. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:044317. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4959279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Jared O. Kafader
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Josey E. Topolski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boldyrev AI, Wang LS. Beyond organic chemistry: aromaticity in atomic clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11589-605. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07465g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe joint experimental and theoretical studies carried out collaboratively in the authors' labs for understanding the structures and chemical bonding of novel atomic clusters, which exhibit aromaticity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Ganteför G, Alexandrova AN, Bowen K. Photoelectron spectroscopic and computational study of the PtMgH3,5− cluster anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19345-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03243e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two cluster anions, PtMgH3− and PtMgH5−, were studied by photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Gerd Ganteför
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Anastassia N. Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California, Los Angeles
- Los Angeles
- USA
- California NanoSystems Institute
| | - Kit Bowen
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| |
Collapse
|