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Barr L, Conrad JK, McGregor C, Perron R, Yakabuskie PA, Stuart CR. Kinetics of the reaction of ferrous ions with hydroxyl radicals in the temperature range 25-300 °C. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4278-4283. [PMID: 38231479 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03819j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between OH radicals and ferrous ions in the temperature range 25-300 °C were studied using pulse radiolysis. At temperatures <150 °C the rate of reaction is essentially independent of temperature, while at temperatures >150 °C the activation energy is 45.8 ± 3.0 kJ mol-1. The change in activation energy is attributed to a change in the dominant mechanism from hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to dissociative ligand interchange. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) was measured by repeating experiments in heavy water. A value of 2.9 was measured at room temperature where HAT is the dominant mechanism. The KIE decreases to zero at temperatures > 150 °C as ligand interchange becomes dominant and the O-H bond is no longer involved in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Barr
- Reactor Chemistry and Corrosion, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J1J0.
| | - Jacy K Conrad
- Center for Radiation Chemistry Research, Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Christine McGregor
- Reactor Chemistry and Corrosion, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J1J0.
| | - Randy Perron
- Reactor Chemistry and Corrosion, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J1J0.
| | - Pamela A Yakabuskie
- Reactor Chemistry and Corrosion, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J1J0.
| | - Craig R Stuart
- Reactor Chemistry and Corrosion, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J1J0.
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Neupane P, Bartels DM, Thompson WH. Exploring the Unusual Reactivity of the Hydrated Electron with CO 2. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:567-575. [PMID: 38184793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Many questions remain about the reactions of the hydrated electron despite decades of study. Of particular note is that they do not appear to follow the Marcus theory of electron transfer reactions, a feature that is yet to be explained. To investigate these issues, we used ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to investigate one of the better studied reactions, the hydrated electron reduction of CO2. The rate constant for the hydrated electron-CO2 reaction complex to react to form CO2- is for the first time estimated from AIMD simulations. Results at 298 and 373 K show the rate constant is insensitive to temperature, consistent with the low measured activation energy for the reaction, and the implications of this behavior are examined. The sampling provided by the simulations yields insight into the reaction mechanism. The reaction is found to involve both solvent reorganization and changes in the carbon dioxide structure. The latter leads to significant vibrational excitation of the bending and symmetric stretch vibrations in the CO2- product, indicating the reaction is vibrationally nonadiabatic. The former is estimated from the calculation of an approximate collective solvent coordinate and the free energy in this coordinate is determined. These results indicate that AIMD simulations can reasonably estimate hydrated electron reaction activation energies and provide new insight into the mechanism that can help illuminate the features of this unusual chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauf Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - David M Bartels
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ward H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Markad US, Lisouskaya A, Bartels DM. Reactions of Nickel Ions in Water Radiolysis up to 300 °C. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2784-2791. [PMID: 36926873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiation chemistry of hydrated metal ions plays a significant role in the field of nuclear energy, especially regarding water radiolysis in coolant water in nuclear reactors. This work reports new experimental data on the reactivity of Ni2+/+ species under critical conditions of temperature and pressure. The reaction rates of hydrated nickel ions with water radiolysis products (e-aq, •OH, H, and H2O2) have been investigated for a 25-300 °C temperature range and 200 bar pressure using electron pulse radiolysis/transient absorption. Extensive experiments with the Ni2+/+ species in various salts and pH up to 300 °C were performed. Kinetic decay traces of short-lived monovalent nickel ions were fitted to extract the rate constants versus temperature up to 300 °C. A blue shift of the absorption spectrum of the monovalent nickel ion with increasing temperature was demonstrated, which may indicate a change in the average coordination number. The Arrhenius parameters for the reactions of Ni2+ with e-aq and Ni+ with •OH, H, and H2O2 were obtained. All measured rate constants increased with temperature and followed Arrhenius behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav S Markad
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Aliaksandra Lisouskaya
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - David M Bartels
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Solti D, Chapkin KD, Renard D, Bayles A, Clark BD, Wu G, Zhou J, Tsai AL, Kürti L, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Plasmon-Generated Solvated Electrons for Chemical Transformations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20183-20189. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Solti
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kyle D. Chapkin
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - David Renard
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Aaron Bayles
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Clark
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - László Kürti
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Lisouskaya A, Markad US, Carmichael I, Bartels DM. Reactivity of Zn +aq in high-temperature water radiolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19882-19889. [PMID: 35959849 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02434a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactivity of transients involving Zn+ in high-temperature water radiolysis has been studied in the temperature range of 25-300 °C. The reduced monovalent zinc species were generated from an electron transfer process between the hydrated electron and Zn2+ ions using pulse radiolysis. The Zn+ species can subsequently be oxidized by the radiolytically-produced oxidizing species: ˙OH, H2O2 and ˙H. We find that the absorption of monovalent zinc is very sensitive to the pH of the medium. An absorption maximum at 306-311 nm is most pronounced at pH 7 and the signal then decreases in acidic media where the reducing electrons are competitively captured by protons. At pH values higher than 7, hydroxo-forms of Zn2+ are created and the maximum of the absorption signal begins to shift to the red spectral region. We find that the optical spectrum of Zn+aq cannot be fully explained in terms of a charge-transfer to solvent (CTTS) process, which was previously proposed. Reaction rates of most of the recombination reactions investigated follow the empirical Arrhenius relationship at temperatures up to 200 °C and have been determined at higher temperatures for the first time. A bimolecular disproportionation reaction of Zn+aq is not observed under the conditions investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uddhav S Markad
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Ian Carmichael
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - David M Bartels
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Schile AJ, Thompson WH. Tests for, origins of, and corrections to non-Gaussian statistics. The dipole-flip model. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:154109. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4981009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Addison J. Schile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Ward H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Sterniczuk M, Bartels DM. Source of Molecular Hydrogen in High-Temperature Water Radiolysis. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:200-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sterniczuk
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - David M. Bartels
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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