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Tan JA, Barbarona RF, Kuo JL. Approaching the "Zundel" Limit: Tuning the Vibrational Coupling in N 2H +Ng, Ng = {He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn}. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37418837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The diazenylium ion (N2H+) is a ubiquitous ion in dense molecular clouds. This ion is often used as a dense gas tracer in outer space. Most of the previous works on diazenylium ion have focused on the shared-proton stretch band, νH+. In this work, we have performed reduced-dimensional calculations to investigate the vibrational structure of N2H+Ng, Ng = {He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn}. We demonstrate a few interesting things about this system. First, the vibrational coupling in N2H+ can be tuned to switch on interesting anharmonic effects such as Fermi resonance or combination bands by tagging it with different noble gases. Second, a comparison of the vibrational spectrum from N2H+He to N2H+Rn shows that the νH+ can be swept from an "Eigen-like" to a "Zundel-like" limiting case. Anharmonic calculations were performed using a multilevel approach, which utilized the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theories. Binding energies for the elimination of Ng in N2H+Ng are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Tan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Rona F Barbarona
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Tan JA, Lao KU. Generating accurate density matrices on the tangent space of a Grassmann manifold. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:051101. [PMID: 36754784 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interpolating a density matrix from a set of known density matrices is not a trivial task. This is because a linear combination of density matrices does not necessarily correspond to another density matrix. In this Communication, density matrices are examined as objects of a Grassmann manifold. Although this manifold is not a vector space, its tangent space is a vector space. As a result, one can map the density matrices on this manifold to their corresponding vectors in the tangent space and then perform interpolations on that tangent space. The resulting interpolated vector can be mapped back to the Grassmann manifold, which can then be utilized (1) as an optimal initial guess for a self-consistent field (SCF) calculation or (2) to derive energy directly without time-consuming SCF iterations. Such a promising approach is denoted as Grassmann interpolation (G-Int). The hydrogen molecule has been used to illustrate that the described interpolated method in this work preserves the essential attributes of a density matrix. For phosphorus mononitride and ferrocene, it was demonstrated numerically that reference points for the definition of the corresponding tangent spaces can be chosen arbitrarily. In addition, the interpolated density matrices provide a superior and essentially converged initial guess for an SCF calculation to make the SCF procedure itself unnecessary. Finally, this accurate, efficient, robust, and systematically improved G-Int strategy has been used for the first time to generate highly accurate potential energy surfaces with fine details for the difficult case, ferrocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
| | - Ka Un Lao
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
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Tan JA, Kuo JL. Spectral Signatures of Protonated Noble Gas Clusters of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe: From Monomers to Trimers. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103198. [PMID: 35630674 PMCID: PMC9143425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The structures and spectral features of protonated noble gas clusters are examined using a first principles approach. Protonated noble gas monomers (NgH+) and dimers (NgH+Ng) have a linear structure, while the protonated noble gas trimers (Ng3H+) can have a T-shaped or linear structure. Successive binding energies for these complexes are calculated at the CCSD(T)/CBS level of theory. Anharmonic simulations for the dimers and trimers unveil interesting spectral features. The symmetric NgH+Ng are charactized by a set of progression bands, which involves one quantum of the asymmetric Ng-H+ stretch with multiple quanta of the symmetric Ng-H+ stretch. Such a spectral signature is very robust and is predicted to be observed in both T-shaped and linear isomers of Ng3H+. Meanwhile, for selected asymmetric NgH+Ng’, a Fermi resonance interaction involving the first overtone of the proton bend with the proton stretch is predicted to occur in ArH+Kr and XeH+Kr.
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Tan JA, Kuo JL. Fermi resonance switching in KrH +Rg and XeH +Rg (Rg = Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe). J Chem Phys 2021; 154:134302. [PMID: 33832263 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix isolation experiments have been successfully employed to extensively study the infrared spectrum of several proton-bound rare gas complexes. Most of these studies have focused on the spectral signature for the H+ stretch (ν3) and its combination bands with the intermolecular stretch coordinate (ν1). However, little attention has been paid to the Fermi resonance interaction between the H+ stretch (ν3) and H+ bend overtone (2ν2) in the asymmetric proton-bound rare gas dimers, RgH+Rg'. In this work, we have investigated this interaction on KrH+Rg and XeH+Rg with Rg = (Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe). A multilevel potential energy surface (PES) was used to simulate the vibrational structure of these complexes. This PES is a dual-level comprising of second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and coupled-cluster singles doubles with perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] levels of ab initio theories. We found that when both the combination bands (nν1 + ν3) and bend overtone 2ν2 compete to borrow intensity from the ν3 band, the latter wins over the former, which then results in the suppression of the nν1 + ν3 bands. The current simulations offer new assignments for the ArH+Xe and KrH+Xe spectra. Complete basis set (CBS) binding energies for these complexes were also calculated at the CCSD(T)/CBS level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Tan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Da-an District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Da-an District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
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Lin CK, Huang QR, Li YC, Nguyen HQ, Kuo JL, Fujii A. Anharmonic Coupling Revealed by the Vibrational Spectra of Solvated Protonated Methanol: Fermi Resonance, Combination Bands, and Isotope Effect. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1910-1918. [PMID: 33636081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intriguing vibrational features of solvated protonated methanol between 2400-3800 cm-1 are recorded by infrared predissociation spectroscopy. Positions of absorption bands corresponding to OH stretching modes are sensitive to changes in solvation environments, thus leading to changes in these vibrational features. Two anharmonic coupling mechanisms, Fermi resonance (FR) contributed by bending overtones and combination band (CB) associated with intermolecular stretching modes, are known to lead to band splitting of OH stretching fundamentals in solvated hydronium and ammonium. Theoretical analyses based on the ab initio anharmonic algorithm not only well reproduce the experimentally observed features but also elucidate the magnitudes of such couplings and the resulting interplay between these two mechanisms, which provide convincing assignments of the spectral patterns. Moreover, while the hydroxyl group plays the leading role in all the above-mentioned features, the role of the methyl group is also analyzed. Through the H/D isotope substitution, we identify overtones of the methyl-hydroxyl rocking modes and their participation in FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kai Lin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Qian-Rui Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Ying-Cheng Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Ha-Quyen Nguyen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Asuka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Abstract
The structure and vibrational spectra of protonated Ar clusters ArnH+ (n = 2-3) are studied using potential energy surfaces at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level and basis set. Ar binding energies, as well as position isomerism in Ar3H+, were investigated. In our previous work, the spectra of Ar2H+ reveal a strong progression of combination bands, which involves the asymmetric Ar-H+ stretch with multiple quanta of the symmetric Ar-H+ stretch. In this work, insights on the origin of such progression were examined using an adiabatic model. In addition, contributions from mechanical and electrical anharmonicity on the progressions' intensities were also examined. Comparison of the calculated spectrum for the bare and Ar-tagged ions reveals that the reduction of the symmetry group, from D∞h to either C∞v or C2v, results in a richer vibrational structure in the 500-1700 cm-1 region. When compared with previously reported action spectra (D. C. McDonald III, D. T. Mauney, D. Leicht, J. H. Marks, J. A. Tan, J.-L. Kuo, and M. A. Duncan, J. Chem. Phys., 2016, 145, 231,101), it appears that the position isomers, because of the binding of the weakly bound Ar messenger, are needed to account for the additional bands in the infrared photodissociation spectrum for Ar3H+. These findings demonstrate the active role of the messenger atom in relaxing some of the selection rules for the bare ion's vibrational transitions - resulting in an augmentation of the bands in the action spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Tan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No.1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Da-an District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No.1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Da-an District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan (ROC)
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Lin CK, Shishido R, Huang QR, Fujii A, Kuo JL. Vibrational spectroscopy of protonated amine–water clusters: tuning Fermi resonance and lighting up dark states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22035-22046. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The H-bonded NH stretching fundamentals of protonated amine–water clusters pass through the “Fermi resonance window” formed by bending overtones, generating split bands due to anharmonic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kai Lin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Republic of China
| | - Ryunosuke Shishido
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Qian-Rui Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Republic of China
| | - Asuka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Republic of China
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Tan JA, Kuo JL. A theoretical study on the infrared signatures of proton-bound rare gas dimers (Rg-H +-Rg), Rg = {Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe}. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:124305. [PMID: 30927880 DOI: 10.1063/1.5090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The infrared spectrum of proton-bound rare gas dimers has been extensively studied via matrix isolation spectroscopy. However, little attention has been paid on their spectrum in the gas phase. Most of the Rg2H+ has not been detected outside the matrix environment. Recently, ArnH+ (n = 3-7) has been first detected in the gas-phase [D. C. McDonald et al., J. Chem. Phys. 145, 231101 (2016)]. In that work, anharmonic theory can reproduce the observed vibrational structure. In this paper, we extend the existing theory to examine the vibrational signatures of Rg2H+, Rg = {Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe}. The successive binding of Rg to H+ was investigated through the calculation of stepwise formation energies. It was found that this binding is anti-cooperative. High-level full-dimensional potential energy surfaces at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ//MP2/aug-cc-pVQZ were constructed and used in the anharmonic calculation via discrete variable representation. We found that the potential coupling between the symmetric and asymmetric Rg-H+ stretch (ν1 and ν3 respectively) causes a series of bright n1ν1 + ν3 progressions. From Ne2H+ to Xe2H+, an enhancement of intensities for these bands was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Tan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Tan JA, Kuo JL. Multilevel Approach for Direct VSCF/VCI MULTIMODE Calculations with Applications to Large “Zundel” Cations. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:6405-6416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jake A. Tan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (ROC)
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Thomas DA, Marianski M, Mucha E, Meijer G, Johnson MA, von Helden G. Ground‐State Structure of the Proton‐Bound Formate Dimer by Cold‐Ion Infrared Action Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Thomas
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Mateusz Marianski
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Eike Mucha
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
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Thomas DA, Marianski M, Mucha E, Meijer G, Johnson MA, von Helden G. Ground‐State Structure of the Proton‐Bound Formate Dimer by Cold‐Ion Infrared Action Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10615-10619. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Thomas
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Mateusz Marianski
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Eike Mucha
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
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Fujii A, Sugawara N, Hsu PJ, Shimamori T, Li YC, Hamashima T, Kuo JL. Hydrogen bond network structures of protonated short-chain alcohol clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14971-14991. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protonated alcohol clusters enable extraction of the physical essence of the nature of hydrogen bond networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Natsuko Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Po-Jen Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Takuto Shimamori
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Ying-Cheng Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Toru Hamashima
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
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13
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Athokpam B, Ramesh SG, McKenzie RH. Effect of hydrogen bonding on the infrared absorption intensity of OH stretch vibrations. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liao HY, Tsuge M, Tan JA, Kuo JL, Lee YP. Infrared spectra and anharmonic coupling of proton-bound nitrogen dimers N2–H+–N2, N2–D+–N2, and 15N2–H+–15N2 in solid para-hydrogen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:20484-20492. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03847j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The proton-bound nitrogen dimer, N2–H+–N2, and its isotopologues were investigated by means of vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Liao
- Department of Science Education
- National Taipei University of Education
- Taipei 10659
- Taiwan
| | - Masashi Tsuge
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu 30010
- Taiwan
| | - Jake A. Tan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu 30010
- Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
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Tan JA, Kuo JL. A closer examination of the coupling between ionic hydrogen bond (IHB) stretching and flanking group motions in (CH3OH)2H+: the strong isotope effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14531-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00309e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intermode coupling between shared proton (O–H+–O) fundamental stretching and flanking modes in (CH3OH)2H+ was revisited in the following contexts: (1) evaluation of Hamiltonian matrix elements represented in a “pure state” (PS) basis and (2) tuning of coupling strengths using H/D isotopic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A. Tan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program
- Taiwan International Graduate Program
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115
- Republic Of China
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Molecular Science and Technology Program
- Taiwan International Graduate Program
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115
- Republic Of China
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Tan JA, Li JW, Chiu CC, Liao HY, Huynh HT, Kuo JL. Tuning the vibrational coupling of H3O+ by changing its solvation environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:30721-30732. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06326h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates how the intermode coupling in the hydronium ion (H3O+) is modulated by the composition of the first solvation shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A. Tan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jheng-Wei Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Republic of China
- Department of Physics
| | - Cheng-chau Chiu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Yi Liao
- Department of Science Education
- National Taipei University of Education
- Taipei City 10671
- Republic of China
| | - Hai Thi Huynh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Republic of China
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Republic of China
- Molecular Science and Technology Program
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