1
|
Creutzberg J, Skomorowski W, Jagau TC. Computing Decay Widths of Autoionizing Rydberg States with Complex-Variable Coupled-Cluster Theory. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:10943-10950. [PMID: 38035381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We compute autoionization widths of various Rydberg states of neon and N2 by equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory combined with complex scaling and complex basis functions. This represents the first time that complex-variable methods are applied to Rydberg states represented in Gaussian basis sets. A new computational protocol based on Kaufmann basis functions is designed to make these methods applicable to atomic and molecular Rydberg states. As a first step, we apply our protocol to the neon atom and compute widths of the 3s, 3p, 4p and 3d Rydberg states. We then proceed to compute the widths of the 3sσg, 3dσg, and 3dπg Rydberg states of N2, which belong to the Hopfield series. Our results demonstrate a decrease in the decay width for increasing angular momentum and principal quantum number within both Rydberg series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Creutzberg
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wojciech Skomorowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas-C Jagau
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang P, Hoang VH, Wang C, Luu TT, Svoboda V, Le AT, Wörner HJ. Effects of Autoionizing Resonances on Wave-Packet Dynamics Studied by Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:153201. [PMID: 37115860 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and theoretical study on the effect of autoionizing resonances in time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The coherent excitation of N_{2} by ∼14.15 eV extreme-ultraviolet photons prepares a superposition of three dominant adjacent vibrational levels (v^{'}=14-16) in the valence b^{'} ^{1}Σ_{u}^{+} state, which are probed by the absorption of two or three near-infrared photons (800 nm). The superposition manifests itself as coherent oscillations in the measured photoelectron spectra. A quantum-mechanical simulation confirms that two autoionizing Rydberg states converging to the excited A ^{2}Π_{u} and B ^{2}Σ_{u}^{+} N_{2}^{+} cores are accessed by the resonant absorption of near-infrared photons. We show that these resonances apply different filters to the observation of the vibrational wave packet, which results in different phases and amplitudes of the oscillating photoelectron signal depending on the nature of the autoionizing resonance. This work clarifies the importance of resonances in time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and particularly reveals the phase of vibrational quantum beats as a powerful observable for characterizing the properties of such resonances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Zhang
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Van-Hung Hoang
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Chuncheng Wang
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tran Trung Luu
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, SAR Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Vít Svoboda
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anh-Thu Le
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 196A Auditorium Road, Unit 3046, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang W, Lötstedt E, Yamanouchi K. Theoretical transient absorption spectroscopy of trans-1,3‑butadiene in intense laser fields. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
4
|
Kleine C, Winghart MO, Zhang ZY, Richter M, Ekimova M, Eckert S, Vrakking MJJ, Nibbering ETJ, Rouzée A, Grant ER. Electronic State Population Dynamics upon Ultrafast Strong Field Ionization and Fragmentation of Molecular Nitrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:123002. [PMID: 36179157 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air lasing from single ionized N_{2}^{+} molecules induced by laser filamentation in air has been intensively investigated and the mechanisms responsible for lasing are currently highly debated. We use ultrafast nitrogen K-edge spectroscopy to follow the strong field ionization and fragmentation dynamics of N_{2} upon interaction with an ultrashort 800 nm laser pulse. Using probe pulses generated by extreme high-order harmonic generation, we observe transitions indicative of the formation of the electronic ground X^{2}Σ_{g}^{+}, first excited A^{2}Π_{u}, and second excited B^{2}Σ_{u}^{+} states of N_{2}^{+} on femtosecond timescales, from which we can quantitatively determine the time-dependent electronic state population distribution dynamics of N_{2}^{+}. Our results show a remarkably low population of the A^{2}Π_{u} state, and nearly equal populations of the X^{2}Σ_{g}^{+} and B^{2}Σ_{u}^{+} states. In addition, we observe fragmentation of N_{2}^{+} into N and N^{+} on a timescale of several tens of picoseconds that we assign to significant collisional dynamics in the plasma, resulting in dissociative excitation of N_{2}^{+}.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Kleine
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Winghart
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhuang-Yan Zhang
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Richter
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc J J Vrakking
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik T J Nibbering
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward R Grant
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borrego-Varillas R, Lucchini M, Nisoli M. Attosecond spectroscopy for the investigation of ultrafast dynamics in atomic, molecular and solid-state physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:066401. [PMID: 35294930 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac5e7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as = 10-18s) in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced, at the beginning for the temporal characterization of the pulses, and immediately after for the investigation of electronic and nuclear ultrafast dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids with unprecedented temporal resolution. The attosecond spectroscopic tools established in the last two decades, together with the development of sophisticated theoretical methods for the interpretation of the experimental outcomes, allowed to unravel and investigate physical processes never observed before, such as the delay in photoemission from atoms and solids, the motion of electrons in molecules after prompt ionization which precede any notable nuclear motion, the temporal evolution of the tunneling process in dielectrics, and many others. This review focused on applications of attosecond techniques to the investigation of ultrafast processes in atoms, molecules and solids. Thanks to the introduction and ongoing developments of new spectroscopic techniques, the attosecond science is rapidly moving towards the investigation, understanding and control of coupled electron-nuclear dynamics in increasingly complex systems, with ever more accurate and complete investigation techniques. Here we will review the most common techniques presenting the latest results in atoms, molecules and solids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Borrego-Varillas
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Lucchini
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Nisoli
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Multiphoton Resonance in Attosecond Transient Absorption. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present the theory and simulation of attosecond transient absorption in helium atoms under the single-active-electron approximation. This study investigates the attosecond dynamics of intrinsic atomic states that interact with a field comprising vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) fields. The absorption spectrum of the helium atom is obtained from the response function, which is constructed by numerically solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation. We observe a fine structure near the intrinsic atomic level, which is modulated with a 0.2 fs period. Based on high-order time-dependent perturbation theory, the frequency-dependent phase of the dipole response induced by the VUV and XUV fields is analytically obtained, and the fine structure is well explained by the phase difference. In addition, the absorption fringes are dependent on the chirp of the VUV field. This study investigates the features of the attosecond transient absorption in the VUV region, which may have valuable applications in the study of ultrafast phenomena in atoms, molecules, and solids.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu L, Sun B, Ding R, Mao Y. Role of the Weak Interactions during the 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol Detecting Process of a Fluorescein-Based Sensor. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7867-7875. [PMID: 34473506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Achieving fast and precise fluorescence sensing of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) is of fundamental importance for homeland security and environment protection. Weak interactions between the sensor and an analyte always play a critical role, which is capable of affecting the photophysics of the sensor. This study performs a thorough investigation on the effects of the weak interaction between TNP and a typical fluorescein-based sensor. The photophysics of the sensor before and after interacting with TNP is fully discussed by analyzing the potential energy surface (PES) of the sensor and rate constants of the excited-state dynamic processes. TNP is found to affect the PES greatly, which plants an intermolecular electron transfer state (dark state) below the bright state. The π-π interaction is proved to induce considerable orbital overlaps between the analyte and the sensor, which facilitates the electron transfer process and generates the dark state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Bingqing Sun
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Ran Ding
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Yueyuan Mao
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Komarova K, Remacle F, Levine RD. The density matrix via few dominant observables: The quantum interference in the isotope effect for atto-pumped N 2. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:024109. [PMID: 34266251 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atto- and sub-femto-photochemistry enables preparation of molecules in a coherent superposition of several electronic states. Recently [Ajay et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115, 5890-5895 (2018)], we examined an effect of the nuclear mass during the non-adiabatic transfer between strongly coupled Rydberg and valence electronic states in N2 excited by an ultrafast pulse. Here, we develop and analyze an algebraic description for the density matrix and its logarithm, the surprisal, in such a superposition of states with a focus on the essentially quantum effect of mass. This allows for the identification of a few observables that accurately characterize the density matrix of the system with several coupled electron-nuclear states. We compact the time evolution in terms of time-dependent coefficients of these observables. Using the few observables, we derive an analytical expression for the time-dependent surprisal. This provides a mass-dependent phase factor only in the observables off-diagonal in the electronic index. The isotope effect is shown to be explicitly driven by the shift in the equilibrium position of the valence state potential. It is analytically given as a time-dependent phase factor describing the interference in the overlap of the two wave packets on the coupled electronic states. This phase factorizes as a product of classical and quantal contributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Komarova
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - F Remacle
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - R D Levine
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang KF, Wang H, Poullain SM, Prendergast D, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Mapping wave packet bifurcation at a conical intersection in CH 3I by attosecond XUV transient absorption spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:234301. [PMID: 34241252 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption spectroscopy has emerged as a sensitive tool for mapping the real-time structural and electronic evolution of molecules. Here, attosecond XUV transient absorption is used to track dynamics in the A-band of methyl iodide (CH3I). Gaseous CH3I molecules are excited to the A-band by a UV pump (277 nm, ∼20 fs) and probed by attosecond XUV pulses targeting iodine I(4d) core-to-valence transitions. Owing to the excellent temporal resolution of the technique, passage through a conical intersection is mapped through spectral signatures of nonadiabatic wave packet bifurcation observed to occur at 15 ± 4 fs following UV photoexcitation. The observed XUV signatures and time dynamics are in agreement with previous simulations [H. Wang, M. Odelius, and D. Prendergast, J. Chem. Phys. 151, 124106 (2019)]. Due to the short duration of the UV pump pulse, coherent vibrational motion in the CH3I ground state along the C-I stretch mode (538 ± 7 cm-1) launched by resonant impulsive stimulated Raman scattering and dynamics in multiphoton excited states of CH3I are also detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina F Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sonia M Poullain
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Prendergast
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin YC, Fidler AP, Sandhu A, Lucchese RR, McCurdy CW, Leone SR, Neumark DM. Coupled nuclear-electronic decay dynamics of O 2 inner valence excited states revealed by attosecond XUV wave-mixing spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:537-554. [PMID: 33595034 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Rydberg series converging to the O2+c4Σ-u state, accessed by 20-25 eV extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light, serve as important model systems for the competition between nuclear dissociation and electronic autoionization. The dynamics of the lowest member of these series, the 3sσg state around 21 eV, has been challenging to study owing to its ultra-short lifetime (<10 fs). Here, we apply transient wave-mixing spectroscopy with an attosecond XUV pulse to investigate the decay dynamics of this electronic state. Lifetimes of 5.8 ± 0.5 fs and 4.5 ± 0.7 fs at 95% confidence intervals are obtained for v = 0 and v = 1 vibrational levels of the 3s Rydberg state, respectively. A theoretical treatment of predissociation and electronic autoionization finds that these lifetimes are dominated by electronic autoionization. The strong dependence of the electronic autoionization rate on the internuclear distance because of two ionic decay channels that cross the 3s Rydberg state results in the different lifetimes of the two vibrational levels. The calculated lifetimes are highly sensitive to the location of the 3s potential with respect to the decay channels; by slight adjustment of the location, values of 6.2 and 5.0 fs are obtained computationally for the v = 0 and v = 1 levels, respectively, in good agreement with experiment. Overall, an intriguing picture of the coupled nuclear-electronic dynamics is revealed by attosecond XUV wave-mixing spectroscopy, indicating that the decay dynamics are not a simple competition between isolated autoionization and predissociation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Cheng Lin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ashley P Fidler
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Arvinder Sandhu
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Robert R Lucchese
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - C William McCurdy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu H, Cao W, Zhang J, Mo Y, Mi K, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Lu P. Mapping time-dependent quasi-energies of laser dressed helium. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:11342-11352. [PMID: 33820248 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) transient absorption spectrum of helium dressed by a moderately intense infrared laser pulse is investigated. Strategies for correct retrieval of the time-dependent quasi-energies of helium with excitation energies covering both singly and doubly excited states are proposed. For long-lived singly excited states, the profound hyperbolic structures due to long lasting dipole can be diminished by convoluting the transient absorption spectrogram with a spectral window, allowing the time-dependent quasi-energies close to 1s2p resonance to be correctly mapped out. For short-lived doubly excited states near 2s2p resonance, the radiation dipole decays rapidly due to autoionization and the transient absorption spectrogram already recovers the main structure of quasi-energies without the convolution operation. The quantum simulation indicates that the convolution operation controls the effective decay speed of the dipole moment, which effectively builds up an instant probe that is essential for mapping time dependent quasi-energies of laser dressed systems.
Collapse
|
12
|
Symmetry of molecular Rydberg states revealed by XUV transient absorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5269. [PMID: 31754226 PMCID: PMC6872753 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient absorption spectroscopy is utilized extensively for measurements of bound- and quasibound-state dynamics of atoms and molecules. The extension of this technique into the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) region with attosecond pulses has the potential to attain unprecedented time resolution. Here we apply this technique to aligned-in-space molecules. The XUV pulses are much shorter than the time during which the molecules remain aligned, typically \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$<$$\end{document}<100 fs. However, transient absorption is not an instantaneous probe, because long-lived coherences re-emit for picoseconds to nanoseconds. Due to dephasing of the rotational wavepacket, it is not clear if these coherences will be evident in the absorption spectrum, and whether the properties of the initial excitations will be preserved. We studied Rydberg states of N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${}_{2}$$\end{document}2 and O\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${}_{2}$$\end{document}2 from 12 to 23 eV. We were able to determine the polarization direction of the electronic transitions, and hence identify the symmetry of the final states. Transient absorption spectroscopy is used to identify the structural characteristics of the atoms and molecules. Here the authors used extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy to identify the Rydberg state symmetry of aligned molecules.
Collapse
|
13
|
van den Wildenberg S, Mignolet B, Levine RD, Remacle F. Temporal and spatially resolved imaging of the correlated nuclear-electronic dynamics and of the ionized photoelectron in a coherently electronically highly excited vibrating LiH molecule. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:134310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5116250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van den Wildenberg
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Research Unit Molecular Systems, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Mignolet
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Research Unit Molecular Systems, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R. D. Levine
- The Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F. Remacle
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Research Unit Molecular Systems, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium
- The Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fushitani M, Toida Y, Légaré F, Hishikawa A. Probing Rydberg-Rydberg interactions in N 2 by ultrafast EUV-NIR photoelectron spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19702-19711. [PMID: 31503726 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics of molecular nitrogen (N2) just below the ionization threshold has been investigated by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using a single harmonic centered at hν = 15.38 eV. The evolution of the Rydberg wavepacket launched by the ultrashort EUV pulse is probed by a time-delayed femtosecond NIR laser pulse. The observed photoelectron spectra show two series of vibrational peaks to the ground X2Σg+ state and the first excited A2Πu state of N2+. Among these, two photoelectron peaks with the vibrational quantum numbers vX+ = 4 and vA+ = 1 exhibit clear anti-phase oscillation with a period of 300 fs, showing that two Rydberg states converging to the X2Σg+ and A2Πu ionic states interact with each other, thus causing periodic switching in the population of the ion core states.
Collapse
|
15
|
Stooß V, Cavaletto SM, Donsa S, Blättermann A, Birk P, Keitel CH, Březinová I, Burgdörfer J, Ott C, Pfeifer T. Real-Time Reconstruction of the Strong-Field-Driven Dipole Response. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:173005. [PMID: 30411962 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.173005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The reconstruction of the full temporal dipole response of a strongly driven time-dependent system from a single absorption spectrum is demonstrated, only requiring that a sufficiently short pulse is employed to initialize the coherent excitation of the system. We apply this finding to the time-domain observation of Rabi cycling between doubly excited atomic states in the few-femtosecond regime. This allows us to pinpoint the breakdown of few-level quantum dynamics at the critical laser intensity near 2 TW/cm^{2} in doubly excited helium. The present approach unlocks single-shot real-time-resolved signal reconstruction across timescales down to attoseconds for nonequilibrium states of matter. In contrast to conventional pump-probe schemes, there is no need for scanning time delays in order to access real-time information. The potential future applications of this technique range from testing fundamental quantum dynamics in strong fields to measuring and controlling ultrafast chemical and biological reaction processes when applied to traditional transient-absorption spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Stooß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - S M Cavaletto
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - S Donsa
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - A Blättermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - P Birk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - C H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - I Březinová
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - C Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| | - T Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, EU
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ab Initio Simulation of Attosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy in Two-Dimensional Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We extend the first-principles analysis of attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to two-dimensional materials. As an example of two-dimensional materials, we apply the analysis to monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and compute its transient optical properties under intense few-cycle infrared laser pulses. Nonadiabatic features are observed in the computed transient absorption spectra. To elucidate the microscopic origin of these features, we analyze the electronic structure of h-BN with density functional theory and investigate the dynamics of specific energy bands with a simple two-band model. Finally, we find that laser-induced intraband transitions play a significant role in the transient absorption even for the two-dimensional material and that the nonadiabatic features are induced by the dynamical Franz–Keldysh effect with an anomalous band dispersion.
Collapse
|
17
|
Time-dependent view of an isotope effect in electron-nuclear nonequilibrium dynamics with applications to N 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5890-5895. [PMID: 29784776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804455115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotopic fractionation in the photodissociation of N2 could explain the considerable variation in the 14N/15N ratio in different regions of our galaxy. We previously proposed that such an isotope effect is due to coupling of photoexcited bound valence and Rydberg electronic states in the frequency range where there is strong state mixing. We here identify features of the role of the mass in the dynamics through a time-dependent quantum-mechanical simulation. The photoexcitation of N2 is by an ultrashort pulse so that the process has a sharply defined origin in time and so that we can monitor the isolated molecule dynamics in time. An ultrafast pulse is necessarily broad in frequency and spans several excited electronic states. Each excited molecule is therefore not in a given electronic state but in a superposition state. A short time after excitation, there is a fairly sharp onset of a mass-dependent large population transfer when wave packets on two different electronic states in the same molecule overlap. This coherent overlap of the wave packets on different electronic states in the region of strong coupling allows an effective transfer of population that is very mass dependent. The extent of the transfer depends on the product of the populations on the two different electronic states and on their relative phase. It is as if two molecules collide but the process occurs within one molecule, a molecule that is simultaneously in both states. An analytical toy model recovers the (strong) mass and energy dependence.
Collapse
|
18
|
Warrick ER, Fidler AP, Cao W, Bloch E, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Multiple pulse coherent dynamics and wave packet control of the N2 a′′ 1Σ+g dark state by attosecond four-wave mixing. Faraday Discuss 2018; 212:157-174. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dark states of molecular nitrogen in the XUV region are spectroscopically investigated using few-femtosecond dynamic wave packet control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika R. Warrick
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Ashley P. Fidler
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Wei Cao
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Etienne Bloch
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of molecular nitrogen: Vibrational coherences in the b′ 1Σ+u state. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Couch DE, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Peters WK. Uncovering Highly-Excited State Mixing in Acetone Using Ultrafast VUV Pulses and Coincidence Imaging Techniques. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2361-2366. [PMID: 28267341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the ultrafast dynamics of highly excited electronic states of small molecules is critical for a better understanding of atmospheric and astrophysical processes, as well as for designing coherent control strategies for manipulating chemical dynamics. In highly excited states, nonadiabatic coupling, electron-electron interactions, and the high density of states govern dynamics. However, these states are computationally and experimentally challenging to access. Fortunately, new sources of ultrafast vacuum ultraviolet pulses, in combination with electron-ion coincidence spectroscopies, provide new tools to unravel the complex electronic landscape. Here we report time-resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence experiments using 8 eV pump photons to study the highly excited states of acetone. We uncover for the first time direct evidence that the resulting excited state consists of a mixture of both ny → 3p and π → π* character, which decays with a time constant of 330 fs. In the future, this approach can inform models of VUV photochemistry and aid in designing coherent control strategies for manipulating chemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Couch
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William K Peters
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
XUV Transient Absorption Spectroscopy: Probing Laser-Perturbed Dipole Polarization in Single Atom, Macroscopic, and Molecular Regimes. PHOTONICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics4010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Hochlaf M. Advances in spectroscopy and dynamics of small and medium sized molecules and clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21236-21261. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01980g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the spectroscopy and dynamics of small- and medium-sized molecules and clusters represent a hot topic in atmospheric chemistry, biology, physics, atto- and femto-chemistry and astrophysics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Paris-Est
- Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle
- MSME UMR 8208 CNRS
- 77454 Marne-la-Vallée
- France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leone SR, Neumark DM. Attosecond science in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics. Faraday Discuss 2016; 194:15-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00174b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Attosecond science represents a new frontier in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics, enabling one to probe the exceedingly fast dynamics associated with purely electronic dynamics in a wide range of systems. This paper presents a brief discussion of the technology required to generate attosecond light pulses and gives representative examples of attosecond science carried out in several laboratories. Attosecond transient absorption, a very powerful method in attosecond science, is then reviewed and several examples of gas phase and condensed phase experiments that have been carried out in the Leone/Neumark laboratories are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Physics
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Chemical Sciences Division
| |
Collapse
|