1
|
Mao H, Pažėra GJ, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Quantum Gate Operations on a Spectrally Addressable Photogenerated Molecular Electron Spin-Qubit Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6585-6593. [PMID: 36913602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Sub-nanosecond photodriven electron transfer from a molecular donor to an acceptor can be used to generate a radical pair (RP) having two entangled electron spins in a well-defined pure initial singlet quantum state to serve as a spin-qubit pair (SQP). Achieving good spin-qubit addressability is challenging because many organic radical ions have large hyperfine couplings (HFCs) in addition to significant g-anisotropy, which results in significant spectral overlap. Moreover, using radicals with g-factors that deviate significantly from that of the free electron results in difficulty generating microwave pulses with sufficiently large bandwidths to manipulate the two spins either simultaneously or selectively as is necessary to implement the controlled-NOT (CNOT) quantum gate essential for quantum algorithms. Here, we address these issues by using a covalently linked donor-acceptor(1)-acceptor(2) (D-A1-A2) molecule with significantly reduced HFCs that uses fully deuterated peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX) as D, naphthalenemonoimide (NMI) as A1, and a C60 derivative as A2. Selective photoexcitation of PXX within PXX-d9-NMI-C60 results in sub-nanosecond, two-step electron transfer to generate the long-lived PXX•+-d9-NMI-C60•- SQP. Alignment of PXX•+-d9-NMI-C60•- in the nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-(n-pentyl)biphenyl (5CB) at cryogenic temperatures results in well-resolved, narrow resonances for each electron spin. We demonstrate both single-qubit gate and two-qubit CNOT gate operations using both selective and nonselective Gaussian-shaped microwave pulses and broadband spectral detection of the spin states following the gate operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Gediminas J Pažėra
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harvey SM, Wasielewski MR. Photogenerated Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs: From Photosynthetic Energy Transduction to Quantum Information Science. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15508-15529. [PMID: 34533930 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More than a half century ago, the NMR spectra of diamagnetic products resulting from radical pair reactions were observed to have strongly enhanced absorptive and emissive resonances. At the same time, photogenerated radical pairs were discovered to exhibit unusual electron paramagnetic resonance spectra that also had such resonances. These non-Boltzmann, spin-polarized spectra were observed in both chemical systems as well as in photosynthetic reaction center proteins following photodriven charge separation. Subsequent studies of these phenomena led to a variety of chemical electron donor-acceptor model systems that provided a broad understanding of the spin dynamics responsible for these spectra. When the distance between the two radicals is restricted, these observations result from the formation of spin-correlated radical pairs (SCRPs) in which the spin-spin exchange and dipolar interactions between the two unpaired spins play an important role in the spin dynamics. Early on, it was recognized that SCRPs photogenerated by ultrafast electron transfer are entangled spin pairs created in a well-defined spin state. These SCRPs can serve as spin qubit pairs (SQPs), whose spin dynamics can be manipulated to study a wide variety of quantum phenomena intrinsic to the field of quantum information science. This Perspective highlights the role of SCRPs as SQPs, gives examples of possible quantum manipulations using SQPs, and provides some thoughts on future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lorenzo ER, Olshansky JH, Abia DSD, Krzyaniak MD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Interaction of Photogenerated Spin Qubit Pairs with a Third Electron Spin in DNA Hairpins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4625-4632. [PMID: 33735563 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The designing of tunable molecular systems that can host spin qubits is a promising strategy for advancing the development of quantum information science (QIS) applications. Photogenerated radical pairs are good spin qubit pair (SQP) candidates because they can be initialized in a pure quantum state that exhibits relatively long coherence times. DNA is a well-studied molecular system that allows for control of energetics and spatial specificity through careful design and thus serves as a tunable scaffold on which to control multispin interactions. Here, we examine a series of DNA hairpins that use naphthalenediimide (NDI) as the hairpin linker. Photoexcitation of the NDI leads to subnanosecond oxidation of guanine (G) within the duplex or a stilbenediether (Sd) end-cap to give NDI•--G•+ or NDI•--Sd•+ SQPs, respectively. A 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) stable radical is covalently attached to the hairpin at varying distances from the SQP spins. While TEMPO has a minimal effect on the SQP formation and decay dynamics, EPR spectroscopy indicates that there are significant spin-spin dipolar interactions between the SQP and TEMPO. We also demonstrate the ability to implement more complex spin manipulations of the NDI•--Sd•+-TEMPO system using pulse-EPR techniques, which is important for developing DNA hairpins for QIS applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmaline R Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jacob H Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Daniel S D Abia
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mao H, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Controlling the Dynamics of Three Electron Spin Qubits in a Donor-Acceptor-Radical Molecule Using Dielectric Environment Changes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2213-2218. [PMID: 33630591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photogenerated entangled electron spin pairs provide a versatile source of molecular qubits. Here, we examine the spin-dependent dynamics of a covalent donor-acceptor-radical molecule, D-A-R•, where the donor chromophore (D) is peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX), the acceptor (A) is pyromellitimide (PI), and the radical (R•) is α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl (BDPA). Selective photoexcitation of D within D-A-R• in butyronitrile/propionitrile at 140 K and butyronitrile at 105 K results in the spin-selective reactions D-A-R• → D•+-1(A•--R•) and D•+-3(A•--R•). Subsequently, at 140 K, D•+-1(A•--R•) → D•+-A-R-, whereas D•+-3(A•--R•) → D-A-R•. In contrast, at 105 K, D•+-3(A•--R•) → 3*D-A-R• and D-A-R•. Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy shows that 3*D-A-R• is highly spin-polarized, where the ms = ±1/2 spin sublevels of the doublet-quartet manifolds are selectively populated. These results demonstrate dielectric environment control over different spin states in the same molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Teki Y. Excited‐State Dynamics of Non‐Luminescent and Luminescent π‐Radicals. Chemistry 2019; 26:980-996. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Teki
- Division of Molecular Materials ScienceGraduate School of ScienceOsaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
La Porte NT, Christensen JA, Krzyaniak MD, Rugg BK, Wasielewski MR. Spin-Selective Photoinduced Electron Transfer within Naphthalenediimide Diradicals. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7731-7739. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T. La Porte
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph A. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martinez JF, La Porte NT, Wasielewski MR. Electron transfer from photoexcited naphthalene-1,4:5,8-bis(dicarboximide) radical anion to Mn(bpy)(CO)3X and Re(bpy)(CO)3X CO2 reduction catalysts linked via a saturated methylene bridge. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Nelson JN, Zhang J, Zhou J, Rugg BK, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Effect of Electron–Nuclear Hyperfine Interactions on Multiple-Quantum Coherences in Photogenerated Covalent Radical (Qubit) Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9392-9402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Y, Zhou J, Nelson JN, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Covalent Radical Pairs as Spin Qubits: Influence of Rapid Electron Motion between Two Equivalent Sites on Spin Coherence. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13011-13021. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Gardias A, Kaszyński P, Obijalska E, Trzybiński D, Domagała S, Woźniak K, Szczytko J. Magnetostructural Investigation of Orthogonal 1‐Aryl‐3‐Phenyl‐1,4‐Dihydrobenzo[
e
][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐yl Derivatives. Chemistry 2017; 24:1317-1329. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Gardias
- Institute of Experimental Physics Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
- Department of Chemistry Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro TN 37-132 USA
| | - Emilia Obijalska
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Sławomir Domagała
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jacek Szczytko
- Institute of Experimental Physics Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rugg BK, Phelan BT, Horwitz NE, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Ratner MA, Wasielewski MR. Spin-Selective Photoreduction of a Stable Radical within a Covalent Donor–Acceptor–Radical Triad. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15660-15663. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Noah E. Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Horwitz NE, Phelan BT, Nelson JN, Mauck CM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Spin Polarization Transfer from a Photogenerated Radical Ion Pair to a Stable Radical Controlled by Charge Recombination. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4455-4463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah E. Horwitz
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jordan N. Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Catherine M. Mauck
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nelson JN, Krzyaniak MD, Horwitz NE, Rugg BK, Phelan BT, Wasielewski MR. Zero Quantum Coherence in a Series of Covalent Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2241-2252. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Noah E. Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
La Porte NT, Martinez JF, Hedström S, Rudshteyn B, Phelan BT, Mauck CM, Young RM, Batista VS, Wasielewski MR. Photoinduced electron transfer from rylenediimide radical anions and dianions to Re(bpy)(CO) 3 using red and near-infrared light. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3821-3831. [PMID: 28580115 PMCID: PMC5436599 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05103k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal of artificial photosynthesis research is photosensitizing highly reducing metal centers using as much as possible of the solar spectrum reaching Earth's surface. The radical anions and dianions of rylenediimide (RDI) dyes, which absorb at wavelengths as long as 950 nm, are powerful photoreductants with excited state oxidation potentials that rival or exceed those of organometallic chromophores. These dyes have been previously incorporated into all-organic donor-acceptor systems, but have not yet been shown to reduce organometallic centers. This study describes a set of dyads in which perylenediimide (PDI) or naphthalenediimide (NDI) chromophores are attached to Re(bpy)(CO)3 through either the bipyridine ligand or more directly to the Re center via a pyridine ligand. The chromophores are reduced with a mild reducing agent, after which excitation with long-wavelength red or near-infrared light leads to reduction of the Re complex. The kinetics of electron transfer from the photoexcited anions to the Re complex are monitored using transient visible/near-IR and mid-IR spectroscopy, complemented by theoretical spectroscopic assignments. The photo-driven charge shift from the reduced PDI or NDI to the complex occurs in picoseconds regardless of whether PDI or NDI is attached to the bipyridine or to the Re center, but back electron transfer is found to be three orders of magnitude slower with the chromophore attached to the Re center. These results will inform the design of future catalytic systems that incorporate RDI anions as chromophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T La Porte
- Department of Chemistry , Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Jose F Martinez
- Department of Chemistry , Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Svante Hedström
- Department of Chemistry , Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , USA
| | - Benjamin Rudshteyn
- Department of Chemistry , Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , USA
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Department of Chemistry , Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Catherine M Mauck
- Department of Chemistry , Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry , Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry , Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry , Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martinez JF, La Porte NT, Mauck CM, Wasielewski MR. Photo-driven electron transfer from the highly reducing excited state of naphthalene diimide radical anion to a CO2 reduction catalyst within a molecular triad. Faraday Discuss 2017; 198:235-249. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00219f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The naphthalene-1,4:5,8-bis(dicarboximide) radical anion (NDI−˙), which is easily produced by mild chemical or electrochemical reduction (−0.5 V vs. SCE), can be photoexcited at wavelengths as long as 785 nm, and has an excited state (NDI−˙*) oxidation potential of −2.1 V vs. SCE, making it a very attractive choice for artificial photosynthetic systems that require powerful photoreductants, such as CO2 reduction catalysts. However, once an electron is transferred from NDI−˙* to an acceptor directly bound to it, a combination of strong electronic coupling and favorable free energy change frequently make the back electron transfer rapid. To mitigate this effect, we have designed a molecular triad system comprising an NDI−˙ chromophoric donor, a 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) intermediate acceptor, and a Re(dmb)(CO)3 carbon dioxide reduction catalyst, where dmb is 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, as the terminal acceptor. Photoexcitation of NDI−˙ to NDI−˙* is followed by ultrafast reduction of DPA to DPA−˙, which then rapidly reduces the metal complex. The overall time constant for the forward electron transfer to reduce the metal complex is τ = 20.8 ps, while the time constant for back-electron transfer is six orders of magnitude longer, τ = 43.4 μs. Achieving long-lived, highly reduced states of these metal complexes is a necessary condition for their use as catalysts. The extremely long lifetime of the reduced metal complex is attributed to careful tuning of the redox potentials of the chromophore and intermediate acceptor. The NDI−˙–DPA fragment presents many attractive features for incorporation into other photoinduced electron transfer assemblies directed at the long-lived photosensitization of difficult-to-reduce catalytic centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose F. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Nathan T. La Porte
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Catherine M. Mauck
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li X, Markandeya N, Jonusauskas G, McClenaghan ND, Maurizot V, Denisov SA, Huc I. Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Hole Migration in Nanosized Helical Aromatic Oligoamide Foldamers. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13568-13578. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Li
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Nagula Markandeya
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Gediminas Jonusauskas
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Laboratoire Ondes et Matières
d’Aquitaine (UMR5798), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Nathan D. McClenaghan
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
(UMR5255), 351 cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Victor Maurizot
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sergey A. Denisov
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
(UMR5255), 351 cours de
la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- CNRS, CBMN (UMR 5248), Institut Européen
de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| |
Collapse
|