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Duan S, Tian G, Luo Y. Theoretical and computational methods for tip- and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5083-5117. [PMID: 38596836 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01070h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a versatile tool for acquiring molecular structure information. The incorporation of plasmonic fields has significantly enhanced the sensitivity and resolution of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). The strong spatial confinement effect of plasmonic fields has challenged the conventional Raman theory, in which a plane wave approximation for the light has been adopted. In this review, we comprehensively survey the progress of a generalized theory for SERS and TERS in the framework of effective field Hamiltonian (EFH). With this approach, all characteristics of localized plasmonic fields can be well taken into account. By employing EFH, quantitative simulations at the first-principles level for state-of-the-art experimental observations have been achieved, revealing the underlying intrinsic physics in the measurements. The predictive power of EFH is demonstrated by several new phenomena generated from the intrinsic spatial, momentum, time, and energy structures of the localized plasmonic field. The corresponding experimental verifications are also carried out briefly. A comprehensive computational package for modeling of SERS and TERS at the first-principles level is introduced. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future developments of theory and experiments for SERS and TERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guangjun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
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Jiao F, Wei M, Leng J, Song Z, Hu W, Zhang Y. Theoretical Investigation of Switch Effect on the Efficiency and Adaptivity of Molecular Optoelectronic Conversion Devices. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200463. [PMID: 35723224 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitch can effectively regulate charge separation (CS) and charge recombination (CR) in donor-acceptor (D-A) systems. However, deformation of the donor-switch-acceptor (D-S-A) systems caused by the switch isomerization will destroy the geometrical stability of the battery. Here we take the planar platinum(II) terpyridyl complex of [Pt(t Bu3 tpy)(-C≡C-Ph)n ]+ as the typical D-A model, designed six D-S-A systems using different photoswitches (dimethyldihydropyrene, fulgimide, arylazopyrazole, N-salicylideneaniline, spiropyran, and dithienylethene, denoted as D-S-A 1-6 hereafter). Our investigations show that the D-S-A 1-6 can absorb visible light of 799 nm, 673 nm, 527 nm, 568 nm, 616 nm, and 629 nm, facilitating electrons transfer from the donor and the switch to the acceptor through the Switch-on channel. Then cationic character of the photoswitch can undergo much more rapid isomerization than the neutral form due to the lower energy barrier. The Switch-off isomer breaks the conjugation of the D-S-A system, effectively turning off the CT channel and forming the CS state. Based on the evaluated conjugated backbone twist (CBT) angle, we found that D-S-A 1, 2, 4, 6 exhibit little configurational change and can be good candidates as the organic solar cell. The proposed D-S-A design controlled by the molecular switch may help to develop a solution for solar-harvesting practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Jiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhi Wei
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Jiancai Leng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering (Department of Physics), Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Ziyue Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Wei Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Yujin Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering (Department of Physics), Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, P. R. China
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Jiao F, Wei M, Leng J, Cui M, Liu Z, Hu W, Zhang Y. Designing Self-Adaptive Donor-Switch-Acceptor for Molecular Opto-Electronic Conversion Based on Dimethyldihydropyrene/Cyclophanediene. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200075. [PMID: 35266290 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of self-adaptive molecular switch is an appealing strategy to achieve complete charge separation (CS) in donor-acceptor (D-A) systems. Here we designed donor-switch-acceptor (D-S-A) systems using the platinum(II) terpyridyl complex as the acceptor, the dimethyldihydropyrene /cyclophanediene (DHP/CPD) as the bridge, and the methoxybenzene, thieno[3,2- b ]thiophene, 2,2'-bifuran, and 4,8-dimethoxybenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran as the donors, respectively. We then systematically studied the whole opto-electronic conversion process of the donor-DHP/CPD-acceptor (D-DHP/CPD-A) systems based on time-dependent density functional theory, time-dependent ultrafast electron evolution, and electron transport property calculations. We first found that the substitution of -CH 3 by -H and -CN groups in DHP/CPD can enlarge the range of the adsorption wavenumber in opto-electric conversion. Then the light absorption induces the cationization of DHP switch, largely accelerating the forth-isomerization to CPD form. Once the D-CPD-A molecule is formed, the poor conjugation can realize the complete CS state by inhibiting the radiative and nonradiative charge recombinations. Finally, the repeatable and complete CS can be achieved through the automatic back-isomerization of CPD to DHP. The present work provides valuable insights into design of D-S-A systems for practical utilization of molecule-based solar harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Jiao
- Qilu University of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Mingzhi Wei
- Qilu University of Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, CHINA
| | - Jiancai Leng
- Qilu University of Technology, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, CHINA
| | - Min Cui
- Qilu University of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Qilu University of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Wei Hu
- Qilu University of Technology, No. 3501 Daxue Road, Jinan, CHINA
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Qilu University of Technology, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, CHINA
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Liu R, Gao X, Barbatti M, Jiang J, Zhang G. Promoting Intersystem Crossing of a Fluorescent Molecule via Single Functional Group Modification. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1388-1393. [PMID: 30836747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pure light-atom organic phosphorescent molecules have been under scientific scrutiny because they are inexpensive, flexible, and environment friendly. The development of such materials, however, faces a bottleneck problem of intrinsically small spin-orbit couplings, which can be addressed by seeking a proper balance between intersystem crossing (ISC) and fluorescence rates. Using N-substituted naphthalimides as the prototype molecule, we applied chemical modifications with several electrophilic and nucleophilic functional groups, to approach the goal. The selected electron donating groups actively restrain the fluorescence, enabling an efficient ISC to the triplet manifold. Electron withdrawing groups do not change the luminescent properties of the parent species. The changes in ISC and fluorescence rates are related to the nature of the lowest singlet state, which changes from localized excitation into charge-transfer excitation upon configuration change of excited molecules. This finding opens an alternative strategy for designing pure light-atom organic phosphorescent molecules for emerging luminescent materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Chemistry , 930 N University Ave, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | | | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Materials Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
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Zhang G, Yang L, Wang X, Wu Z, Jiang J, Luo Y. Energy Materials Design for Steering Charge Kinetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801988. [PMID: 30206996 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Charge kinetics is a critical factor that determines working efficiencies of energy materials in their various applications. It is governed by electronic structures of the materials of interest and can be fine-tuned via purposeful adjustment of electronic structures. Recent advances in the development of energy materials with desirable electronic structures to steering charge kinetics toward specific applications are highlighted here. Two key strategies are presented: one is through the tuning of energy states and the other is to control spatial distributions of charges. Each strategy is described by several different schemes. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in designing energy materials with fine control of charge kinetics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xijun Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ziye Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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6
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Xie Z, Duan S, Tian G, Wang CK, Luo Y. Theoretical modeling of tip-enhanced resonance Raman images of switchable azobenzene molecules on Au(111). NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11850-11860. [PMID: 29897090 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01988f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With a highly localized plasmonic field, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) images have reached atomic-scale resolution, providing an optical means to explore the structure of a single molecule. We have applied the recently developed theoretical method to simulate the TERS images of trans and cis azobenzene as well as its derivatives on Au(111). Our theoretical results reveal that when the first excited state is resonantly excited, TERS images from a highly confined plasmonic field can effectively distinguish the isomer configurations of the adsorbates. The decay of the plasmonic field along the surface normal can be further used to distinguish different nonplanar cis configurations. Moreover, subtle characteristics of different molecular configurations can also be identified from the TERS images of other resonant excited states with a super-high confined plasmonic field. These findings serve as good references for future TERS experiments on molecular isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xie
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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Wu Z, Cui P, Zhang G, Luo Y, Jiang J. Self-Adaptive Switch Enabling Complete Charge Separation in Molecular-Based Optoelectronic Conversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:837-843. [PMID: 29397736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high charge recombination probability has been the major challenge for the practical utilization of molecule-based solar harvesting. Molecular switches were introduced to stabilize the charge separation state in donor-acceptor systems, but it is difficult to seamlessly incorporate the ON/OFF switching actions into the optoelectronic conversion cycle. Here we present a self-adaptive system in which the donor and acceptor are bridged by a switchable moiety that enables a complete charge separation repeatedly. Calculations are presented for a platinum(II) terpyridyl complex with an azobenzene bridge. The charge transfer induced by light extracts electrons from the azobenzene group, automatically triggering a trans → cis isomerization. The resulting conformation suppresses charge recombination. Energized charges are trapped in the acceptor, ready for charge collection by electrodes. The bridge then goes through inverse isomerization to restore the conjugation and conductance. This self-adaptive design provides a novel way to improve the performance of optoelectronic conversion and realize practical solar-harvesting applications in organic molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Xie Z, Duan S, Wang CK, Luo Y. Lighting up long-range charge-transfer states by a localized plasmonic field. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18189-18193. [PMID: 29149233 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The long-range charge-transfer states in a donor-acceptor system exhibit well separated electron-hole pairs, but are often difficult to achieve by optical means owing to a very small overlap between the wave functions of the donor and acceptor. We have found that the introduction of a spatially confined plasmon can enhance the transition probability to the long-range charge-transfer states as it can effectively break the intrinsic symmetry selection rule imposed on the system. Meanwhile, the intensity borrowed from local excitations could also be selectively promoted, allowing the manipulation of the excited quantum states. In addition, our calculations reveal that the donor and acceptor moieties can be unambiguously visualized in real space by tip-enhanced resonance Raman images. These findings can benefit light-harvesting and also be readily extended to diverse optical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xie
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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Li J, Yang L, Zhang G, Jiang J. Tuning Light Absorption in Platinum(II) Terpyridyl π-Conjugated Complexes: A First-Principle Study. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5533-5539. [PMID: 28671849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platinum(II) terpyridyl complexes with a donor-acceptor (D-A) framework have long been considered as a promising component of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To revealing the structure-property relationship of these highly modular systems, we have conducted a first-principle study at the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) level on the [Pt(tBu3tpy)(-C≡C-Ph)n]+ (tBu3tpy is 4,4',4″-tri-tert-butyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) complexes. It was found that their visible absorbance could be improved by elongating the donor chain with n (-C≡C-Ph) units, reaching a maximum at n = 16. It is noteworthy that such a simple concatenating protocol enables a remarkable charge transfer distance as long as 5 nm, implying a promising solution for the bottleneck problem of low charge separation rate in DSSCs. Furthermore, using a A-D-A system (two Pt(tBu3tpy) acceptors bridged by one donor) effectively doubles the visible-harvesting ability, and twisting an benzene ring in the chain of donors to break π-conjugations can tune down light absorption in a quantitatively angular dependent manner. Finally, replacing the C≡C bond linker with C═C double bond in donor leads to comparable light absorption ability while bestowing structural flexibility. These structure-property relationships thus provide efficient knobs for molecular rational design toward high performance dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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Dekkiche H, Buisson A, Langlois A, Karsenti PL, Ruhlmann L, Harvey PD, Ruppert R. Ultrafast Singlet Energy Transfer in Porphyrin Dyads. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:10329-10336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Dekkiche
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Buisson
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K2R1, Canada
| | - Adam Langlois
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K2R1, Canada
| | | | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre D. Harvey
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K2R1, Canada
| | - Romain Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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