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Cao C, Vernon RE, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables. Front Chem 2021; 8:813. [PMID: 33490030 PMCID: PMC7818537 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical elements are the "conserved principles" or "kernels" of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from "chemical tables of chemical elements." Such tables should incorporate four aspects: (i) typical valence electron configurations of bonded atoms in chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum); (ii) at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energy of the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity; (iii) elements in which the (sp)8, (d)10, and (f)14 valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the "fix-points" of chemical periodicity; (iv) peculiar elements at the top and at the bottom of the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Zhang Y, Yang DS. Spin-orbit coupling and vibronic transitions of Ce(C 3H 4) and Ce(C 3H 6) formed by the Ce reaction with propene: Mass-analyzed threshold ionization and relativistic quantum computation. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:144304. [PMID: 32295351 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A Ce atom reaction with propene is carried out in a pulsed laser vaporization molecule beam source. Several Ce-hydrocarbon species formed by the C-H and C-C bond activation of propene are observed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and Ce(C3Hn) (n = 4 and 6) are characterized by mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy and density functional theory, multiconfiguration, and relativistic quantum chemical calculations. The MATI spectrum of each species consists of two vibronic band systems, each with several vibronic bands. Ce(C3H6) is identified as an inserted species with Ce inserting into an allylic C-H bond of propene and Ce(C3H4) as a metallocycle through 1,2-vinylic dehydrogenation. Both species have a Cs structure with the Ce 4f16s1 ground valence electron configuration in the neutral molecule and the Ce 4f1 configuration in the singly charged ion. The two vibronic band systems observed for each species are attributed to the ionization of two pairs of the lowest spin-orbit coupled states with each pair being nearly degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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Zhang Y, Cao W, Yang DS. Spin-orbit coupling and vibronic transitions of two Ce(C4H6) isomers probed by mass-analyzed threshold ionization and relativistic quantum computation. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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Assefa MK, Sergentu DC, Seaman LA, Wu G, Autschbach J, Hayton TW. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry of the Homoleptic f Element Ketimide Complexes [Li]2[M(N═CtBuPh)6] (M = Ce, Th). Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12654-12661. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiyas K. Assefa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, 93106 Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 14260 Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, 93106 Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 14260 Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Lani A. Seaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, 93106 Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 14260 Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, 93106 Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 14260 Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, 93106 Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 14260 Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Trevor W. Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, 93106 Santa Barbara, California, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 14260 Buffalo, New York, United States
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Edelmann FT. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pu Z, Yu W, Roy SK, Li C, Ao B, Liu T, Shuai M, Wang X. Insights into the enhanced CeN triple bond in the HCeN molecule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:8216-8222. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00419b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an experimental study of the vibrational spectra of HCeN was carried out in solid argon, followed by theoretical investigations of molecular structures and the nature of CeN bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Pu
- China Academy of Engineering and Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Soumendra K. Roy
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Shaanxi key Laboratory of Catalysis
- School of Chemical & Environmental Science
- Shaanxi University of Technology
- Hanzhong
- P. R. China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- China Academy of Engineering and Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Bingyun Ao
- China Academy of Engineering and Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Tianwei Liu
- China Academy of Engineering and Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Maobing Shuai
- China Academy of Engineering and Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- China Academy of Engineering and Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
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