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Testón-Martínez S, Huertas-Roldán T, Knoll P, Barge LM, Sainz-Díaz CI, Cartwright JHE. A microfluidic labyrinth self-assembled by a chemical garden. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30469-30476. [PMID: 37921059 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02929h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical gardens, self-assembling precipitates that spontaneously form when a metal salt is added to a solution of another precipitating anion, are of interest for various applications including producing reactive materials in controlled structures. Here, we report on two chemical garden reaction systems (CuCl2 and Cu(NO3)2 seed crystals submerged in sodium silicate) that produced self-assembled microfluidic labyrinths in a vertical 2D Hele-Shaw reactor. The formation of labyrinths as well as the specific growth modes of the precipitate were dependent on the silicate concentration: CuCl2 labyrinths formed only at 3 and 4 M silicate and Cu(NO3)2 labyrinths formed only at 4 and 5 M silicate. The labyrinth structures contained silicate on the exterior and crystalline material interpreted as hydrated minerals from the metal salt in their interiors. The bubble-guided tubes that form labyrinths can be controlled by changing the angle of the 2D reaction cell; this suggests that future experiments of this type could form self-organizing structures with controlled composition and orientation for use in microfluidics and various materials science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Testón-Martínez
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Teresa Huertas-Roldán
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Pamela Knoll
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Laura M Barge
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA, USA
| | - C Ignacio Sainz-Díaz
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Julyan H E Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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2
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Patel VK, Busupalli B. Dissimilar chemobrionic growth in copper silicate chemical gardens in the absence or presence of light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:768-771. [PMID: 36546324 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06570c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the absence of light on chemical garden growth has been neglected although the gardens resemble hydrothermal vents that grow in dark in the sea/ocean. Herein, we report the differential growth of chemobrionic structures in copper silicate when identical reactions to yield copper silicate chemical gardens were carried out in the presence or absence of light. Irradiating the copper silicate chemical garden during its growth with different wavelengths of light independently resulted in morphologically divergent tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Kirtikumar Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India.
| | - Balanagulu Busupalli
- Department of Chemistry, School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India.
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3
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Rocha LAM, Thorne L, Wong JJ, Cartwright JHE, Cardoso SSS. Archimedean Spirals Form at Low Flow Rates in Confined Chemical Gardens. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6700-6710. [PMID: 35593590 PMCID: PMC9161446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe and study the formation of confined chemical garden patterns. At low flow rates of injection of cobalt chloride solution into a Hele-Shaw cell filled with sodium silicate, the precipitate forms with a thin filament wrapping around an expanding "candy floss" structure. The result is the formation of an Archimedean spiral structure. We model the growth of the structure mathematically. We estimate the effective density of the precipitate and calculate the membrane permeability. We set the results within the context of recent experimental and modeling work on confined chemical garden filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. M. Rocha
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K.
| | - Lewis Thorne
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K.
| | - Jasper J. Wong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K.
| | - Julyan H. E. Cartwright
- Instituto
Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC−Universidad
de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Instituto
Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Silvana S. S. Cardoso
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K.
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4
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Busupalli B, Patel VK. Dark–induced vertical growth of chemobrionic architectures in silver based precipitating chemical gardens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4172-4175. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06430d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Light sensitivity of many silver compounds has restricted observation of silver based chemical gardens. Here we report for the first time, silver based chemical gardens grown in dark. An identical...
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5
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Rocha LAM, Cartwright JHE, Cardoso SSS. Filament dynamics in planar chemical gardens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5222-5235. [PMID: 33629080 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03674a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Filaments in a planar chemical garden grow following tortuous, erratic paths. We show from statistical mechanics that this scaling results from a self-organized dispersion mechanism. Effective diffusivities as high as 10-5 m2 s-1 are measured in 2D laboratory experiments. This efficient transport is four orders of magnitude larger than molecular diffusion in a liquid, and ensures widespread contact and exchange between fluids in the chemical-garden structure and its surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A M Rocha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK.
| | - Julyan H E Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain and Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Silvana S S Cardoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK.
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6
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Ziemecka I, Brau F, De Wit A. Confined direct and reverse chemical gardens: Influence of local flow velocity on precipitation patterns. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:013140. [PMID: 32013509 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various cobalt silicate precipitation patterns can be observed when an aqueous solution of cobalt ions gets into contact with a solution of silicate ions upon injection of one solution into the other in the confined geometry of a Hele-Shaw cell. The properties of these precipitation patterns are studied here as a function of the injection flow rate, densities and viscosities of the solutions, and the choice of which solution is injected into the other one. Our results show that the structure of the precipitation pattern depends on the local velocity as well as on the difference in viscosities between the injected and the displaced solutions. Specifically, decreasing the injection flow rate and/or decreasing the density jump while increasing the difference in viscosities between the reactant solutions results in more circular patterns. Moreover, we show that some structures are robustly observed in given ranges of the local flow velocity in the cell. Locally, precipitation can then transition from one type of pattern to another during injection, according to that preferred structure at the given local velocity. We also show that injection of the cobalt solution into the silicate solution results in the so-called direct patterns that are different from the reverse patterns obtained when the silicate solution is injected in the solution of cobalt ions. Our results help in understanding the production of precipitate structures under nonequilibrium flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ziemecka
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - F Brau
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - A De Wit
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
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7
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Pópity-Tóth É, Schuszter G, Horváth D, Tóth Á. Peristalticity-driven banded chemical garden. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:184701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5023465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- É. Pópity-Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged H-6720,
Hungary
| | - G. Schuszter
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged H-6720,
Hungary
| | - D. Horváth
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged H-6720,
Hungary
| | - Á. Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged H-6720,
Hungary
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Rauscher E, Schuszter G, Bohner B, Tóth Á, Horváth D. Osmotic contribution to the flow-driven tube formation of copper–phosphate and copper–silicate chemical gardens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5766-5770. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08282g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A flow-driven technique allowing osmosis reveals the capacities of gradient-applying methods to form membranes with tailor-made inner and smoother outer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Rauscher
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Gábor Schuszter
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Bíborka Bohner
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Ágota Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Dezső Horváth
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
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9
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Wagatsuma S, Higashi T, Sumino Y, Achiwa A. Pattern of a confined chemical garden controlled by injection speed. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:052220. [PMID: 28618586 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.052220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pattern of confined chemical garden was controlled by the speed of injected fluid, and their mechanism is discussed. A confined chemical garden system was constructed where an aqueous solution of cobalt chloride was injected into a cell filled with sodium silicate solution. The reaction of these two solutions resulted in the formation of precipitation. The viscosities of the prepared aqueous solutions were set to be similar in order to rule out the possibility of Saffman-Taylor instability. The injection front showed three distinctive patterns: algaes, shells, and filaments, which were dependent on injection speed. The injection pressure and the spatio-temporal pattern of the injected fluid were measured, and a significant increase in the injection pressure was observed when the filament pattern appeared, which indicated the existence of thin lubrication layer between the precipitation and the substrate. The filament pattern was further analyzed quantitatively, and the number of active filaments was determined to be proportional to the injection speed. A mathematical model was constructed that considered both the viscous effect from the thin lubrication layer and the Laplace pressure. This model successfully reproduced the characteristic filament dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wagatsuma
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Takuro Higashi
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sumino
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Ayumi Achiwa
- Department of Education, Aichi University of Education, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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10
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Nakouzi E, Steinbock O. Self-organization in precipitation reactions far from the equilibrium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601144. [PMID: 27551688 PMCID: PMC4991932 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Far from the thermodynamic equilibrium, many precipitation reactions create complex product structures with fascinating features caused by their unusual origins. Unlike the dissipative patterns in other self-organizing reactions, these features can be permanent, suggesting potential applications in materials science and engineering. We review four distinct classes of precipitation reactions, describe similarities and differences, and discuss related challenges for theoretical studies. These classes are hollow micro- and macrotubes in chemical gardens, polycrystalline silica carbonate aggregates (biomorphs), Liesegang bands, and propagating precipitation-dissolution fronts. In many cases, these systems show intricate structural hierarchies that span from the nanometer scale into the macroscopic world. We summarize recent experimental progress that often involves growth under tightly regulated conditions by means of wet stamping, holographic heating, and controlled electric, magnetic, or pH perturbations. In this research field, progress requires mechanistic insights that cannot be derived from experiments alone. We discuss how mesoscopic aspects of the product structures can be modeled by reaction-transport equations and suggest important targets for future studies that should also include materials features at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Nakouzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306–4390, USA
| | - Oliver Steinbock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306–4390, USA
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