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Kaur Kohli R, Salas S, Shokoor B, Price CL, Davies JF. Chemically Resolved Evaporation Dynamics of Dicarboxylic Acid Mixtures in Solid Particles. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37490783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The evaporation rate and corresponding vapor pressure of dicarboxylic acids have been the subject of numerous scientific studies over the years, with reported values spanning several orders of magnitude. Recent work has identified the importance of considering the phase state of the material during evaporation, likely accounting for some of the variability in measured vapor pressures. In the homologous series of dicarboxylic acids, the phase state under dry conditions may be crystalline or amorphous, with particles of odd-carbon-numbered acids exhibiting tendencies to remain amorphous and spherical. Although measurements of vapor pressures for pure components make up most of the available literature data, for many applications, these compounds are not present in isolation. Additionally, many systems containing a semi-volatile material exist in a solid state, especially under dry and low relative humidity conditions. In this work, we explore the evaporation of compounds present in mixed solid-state particles. Specifically, we use single particle levitation coupled with mass spectrometry to measure the evolving composition of solid particles containing mixtures of glutaric acid and succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid, and malonic acid and succinic acid. Under dry conditions, these systems exhibit non-spherical geometries consistent with crystallization of one or both components into an organic crystal. Our measurements allow the evaporation of each component in the mixture to be characterized independently and effective vapor pressures of the pure components to be inferred. The resulting vapor pressures are compared against pure component vapor pressures. We demonstrate that these mixtures exhibit thermodynamic ideality but can be influenced by limited diffusion in the solid phase. These are the first results in the literature that explore the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that control the evaporative evolution of mixed solid-state particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravleen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Stephanie Salas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Bilal Shokoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chelsea L Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - James F Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Reisz B, Belova V, Duva G, Zeiser C, Hodas M, Hagara J, Šiffalovič P, Pithan L, Hosokai T, Hinderhofer A, Gerlach A, Schreiber F. Polymorphism and structure formation in copper phthalocyanine thin films. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:203-210. [PMID: 33833648 PMCID: PMC7941321 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720015472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many polymorphic crystal structures of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) have been reported over the past few decades, but despite its manifold applicability, the structure of the frequently mentioned α polymorph remained unclear. The base-centered unit cell (space group C2/c) suggested in 1966 was ruled out in 2003 and was replaced by a primitive triclinic unit cell (space group P 1). This study proves unequivocally that both α structures coexist in vacuum-deposited CuPc thin films on native silicon oxide by reciprocal space mapping using synchrotron radiation in grazing incidence. The unit-cell parameters and the space group were determined by kinematic scattering theory and provide possible molecular arrangements within the unit cell of the C2/c structure by excluded-volume considerations. In situ X-ray diffraction experiments and ex situ atomic force microscopy complement the experimental data further and provide insight into the formation of a smooth thin film by a temperature-driven downward diffusion of CuPc molecules during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Reisz
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Belova
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giuliano Duva
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clemens Zeiser
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hodas
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakub Hagara
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava 45, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Šiffalovič
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava 45, Slovak Republic
| | - Linus Pithan
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs CS 402200, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Takuya Hosokai
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Azuma, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Alexander Hinderhofer
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerlach
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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