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Edmundson DD, Gustafson RR, Dichiara AB. Sonochemical synthesis of lignin nanoparticles and their applications in poly (vinyl) alcohol composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127487. [PMID: 37863138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a common and abundant byproduct of the pulp and paper industry and is generally burned to produce steam. Opportunities exist to acquire greater value from lignin by leveraging the properties of this highly conjugated biomacromolecule for applications in UV absorption and polymer reinforcement. These applications can be commercialized by producing value-added lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using a scalable sonochemical process. In the present research, monodisperse LNPs have been synthesized by subjecting aqueous dispersions of alkali lignin to acoustic irradiation. The resulting particle size distribution and colloidal stability, as determined by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential analysis, of LNPs can be adjusted by varying the solution pH and ultrasonication energy. As-synthesized LNPs with a mean diameter of 204 nm were incorporated into poly (vinyl) alcohol (PVA) to prepare thin and flexible nanocomposite films using a simple solvent casting method. The addition of 2.5 wt% LNP increased the material's Sun Protection Factor up to 26 compared to 0 for neat PVA, while maintaining light transmission above 75 % in the visible spectra. In addition, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the PVA nanocomposites improved by 47 % and 36 %, respectively. The presence of LNP also enhanced the thermal stability of the materials. Significantly, the proposed sonochemical process may be generally applicable to the synthesis of a range of naturally-derived LNPs for a variety of value-added applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan D Edmundson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard R Gustafson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anthony B Dichiara
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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Das A, Datta A. Designing Site Specificity in the Mechanochemical Cargo Release of Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37291056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical force can trigger the predictable and precise release of small molecules from macromolecular carriers. In this article, based on mechanochemical simulations, we show that norborn-2-en-7-one (NEO), I, and its derivatives can selectively release CO, N2, and SO2 and produce two distinctly different products, A ((3E,5Z,7E)-dimethyl-5,6-diphenyldeca-3,5,7-triene-1,10-diyl bis(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate)) and B (4',5'-dimethyl-4',5'-dihydro-[1,1':2',1''-terphenyl]-3',6'-diyl)bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate). Site-specific design in the pulling points (PP) ensures that by changing the regioselectivity, either A or B can be exclusively generated. Controlling the rigidity of the NEO scaffold by replacing a 6-membered ring with an 8-membered ring and concomitantly tuning the pulling groups makes it mechanolabile toward the selective formation of B. The diradical intermediate formed during I → A is predicted to be persistent for ∼150 fs. The structural design holds the key to the trade-off between mechanochemical rigidity and lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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3
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De Santi A, Monti S, Barcaro G, Zhang Z, Barta K, Deuss PJ. New Mechanistic Insights into the Lignin β-O-4 Linkage Acidolysis with Ethylene Glycol Stabilization Aided by Multilevel Computational Chemistry. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:2388-2399. [PMID: 33585085 PMCID: PMC7874265 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acidolysis in conjunction with stabilization of reactive intermediates has emerged as one of the most powerful methods of lignin depolymerization that leads to high aromatic monomer yields. In particular, stabilization of reactive aldehydes using ethylene glycol results in the selective formation of the corresponding cyclic acetals (1,3-dioxolane derivatives) from model compounds, lignin, and even from softwood lignocellulose. Given the high practical utility of this method for future biorefineries, a deeper understanding of the method is desired. Here, we aim to elucidate key mechanistic questions utilizing a combination of experimental and multilevel computational approaches. The multiscale computational protocol used, based on ReaxFF molecular dynamics, represents a realistic scenario, where a typical experimental setup can be reproduced confidently given the explicit molecules of the solute, catalyst, and reagent. The nudged elastic band (NEB) approach allowed us to characterize the key intermolecular interactions involved in the reaction paths leading to crucial intermediates and products. The high level of detail obtained clearly revealed for the first time the unique role of sulfuric acid as a proton donor and acceptor in lignin β-O-4 acidolysis as well as the reaction pathways for ethylene glycol stabilization, and the difference in reactivity between compounds with different methoxy substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Santi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna Monti
- CNR-ICCOM−
Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barcaro
- CNR-IPCF−Institute
for Chemical and Physical Processes, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katalin Barta
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department
of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Thornburg NE, Pecha MB, Brandner DG, Reed ML, Vermaas JV, Michener WE, Katahira R, Vinzant TB, Foust TD, Donohoe BS, Román-Leshkov Y, Ciesielski PN, Beckham GT. Mesoscale Reaction-Diffusion Phenomena Governing Lignin-First Biomass Fractionation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4495-4509. [PMID: 32246557 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lignin solvolysis from the plant cell wall is the critical first step in lignin depolymerization processes involving whole biomass feedstocks. However, little is known about the coupled reaction kinetics and transport phenomena that govern the effective rates of lignin extraction. Here, we report a validated simulation framework that determines intrinsic, transport-independent kinetic parameters for the solvolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose upon incorporation of feedstock characteristics for the methanol-based extraction of poplar as an example fractionation process. Lignin fragment diffusion is predicted to compete on the same time and length scales as reactions of lignin within cell walls and longitudinal pores of typical milled particle sizes, and mass transfer resistances are predicted to dominate the solvolysis of poplar particles that exceed approximately 2 mm in length. Beyond the approximately 2 mm threshold, effectiveness factors are predicted to be below 0.25, which implies that pore diffusion resistances may attenuate observable kinetic rate measurements by at least 75 % in such cases. Thus, researchers are recommended to conduct kinetic evaluations of lignin-first catalysts using biomass particles smaller than approximately 0.2 mm in length to avoid feedstock-specific mass transfer limitations in lignin conversion studies. Overall, this work highlights opportunities to improve lignin solvolysis by genetic engineering and provides actionable kinetic information to guide the design and scale-up of emerging biorefinery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Thornburg
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - M Brennan Pecha
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - David G Brandner
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Michelle L Reed
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - William E Michener
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Rui Katahira
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Todd B Vinzant
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Thomas D Foust
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Bryon S Donohoe
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter N Ciesielski
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
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Terrell E, Dellon LD, Dufour A, Bartolomei E, Broadbelt LJ, Garcia-Perez M. A Review on Lignin Liquefaction: Advanced Characterization of Structure and Microkinetic Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Terrell
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Lauren D. Dellon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anthony Dufour
- LRGP, CNRS, Universite de Lorraine, ENSIC, 54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Linda J. Broadbelt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Manuel Garcia-Perez
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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6
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Meisner J, Zhu X, Martínez TJ. Computational Discovery of the Origins of Life. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1493-1495. [PMID: 31572775 PMCID: PMC6764069 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meisner
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute,
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
- SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute,
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
- SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute,
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
- SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
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7
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Kulik HJ. MODELING MECHANOCHEMISTRY FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES. REVIEWS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119518068.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Reyes-Rivera J, Soto-Hernández M, Canché-Escamilla G, Terrazas T. Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1518. [PMID: 30386367 PMCID: PMC6199501 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wood lignin composition strongly depends on anatomical features and it has been used as a marker for characterizing major plant groups. Wood heterogeneity in Cactaceae is involved in evolutionary and adaptive processes within this group; moreover, it is highly correlated to the species growth form. Here we studied the lignin structure from different types of woods in four Cactaceae species with different stem morphologies (Pereskia lychnidiflora, tree/fibrous wood; Opuntia streptacantha and Pilosocereus chrysacanthus, tree/succulent fibrous wood; Ferocactus hamatacanthus, cylindrical stem/dimorphic wood) in order to determine their relationship with the wood anatomy in an evolutionary-adaptive context. Dioxane lignin was isolated and analyzed by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-NMR) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The main linkages are the β-O-4' ether (67-85%), the β-β' resinol (10-26%) and the β-5' and α-O-4' linkages of the phenylcoumaran structures (≤7%). Spirodienone structures have a considerable abundance (5%) in the dimorphic wood of F. hamatacanthus. In addition, low contents (≤3%) of α,β-diaryl ether, α-oxidized β-O-4' ether and dibenzodioxocin structures were found. The sinapyl- and coniferyl acetates are not part of the wood lignin in any of the studied species. The low (≤5%) γ-acetylation in the F. hamatacanthus and P. chrysacanthus wood lignin is here interpreted as an evidence of a high specialization of the wood elements in the conduction/storage of water. The lignin of the studied Cactaceae is composed predominantly of guaiacyl and syringyl units (S/G: 0.9-16.4). High abundance of syringyl units (62-94%) in three of the four species is considered as a defense mechanism against oxidative agents, it is a very conspicuous trait in the most succulent species with dimorphic wood. Furthermore, it is also associated with ferulates and the herein called γ-acetylated guaiacyl-syringaresinol complexes acting as nucleation sites for lignification and as cross-links between lignin and carbohydrates at the wide-band tracheid-fiber junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Reyes-Rivera
- Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Teresa Terrazas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Roy K, Kayal S, Ravi Kumar V, Beeby A, Ariese F, Umapathy S. Understanding Ultrafast Dynamics of Conformation Specific Photo-Excitation: A Femtosecond Transient Absorption and Ultrafast Raman Loss Study. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6538-6546. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khokan Roy
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Surajit Kayal
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Venkatraman Ravi Kumar
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Andrew Beeby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Freek Ariese
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- LaserLaB, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Department
of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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