In Silico Stark Effect: Determination of Excited-State Polarizabilities of Squaraine Dyes

Excited-State Polarizabilities: A Combined Density Functional Theory and Information-Theoretic Approach Study

Accurate and efficient determination of excited-state polarizabilities (α) is an open problem both experimentally and computationally. Following our previous work, (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2023, 25, 2131−2141), in which we employed simple ground-state (S0) density-related functions from the information-theoretic approach (ITA) to accurately and efficiently evaluate the macromolecular polarizabilities, in this work we aimed to predict the lowest excited-state (S1) polarizabilities. The philosophy is to use density-based functions to depict excited-state polarizabilities. As a proof-of-principle application, employing 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (HBI), its substituents, and some other commonly used ESIPT (excited-state intramolecular proton transfer) fluorophores as model systems, we verified that either with S0 or S1 densities as an input, ITA quantities can be strongly correlated with the excited-state polarizabilities. When transition densities are considered, both S0 and S1 polarizabilities are in good relationships with some ITA quantities. The transferability of the linear regression model is further verified for a series of molecules with little or no similarity to those molecules in the training set. Furthermore, the excitation energies can be predicted based on multivariant linear regression equations of ITA quantities. This study also found that the nature of both the ground-state and excited-state polarizabilities of these species are due to the spatial delocalization of the electron density.