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Usman A, Xiong F, Aftab W, Qin M, Zou R. Emerging Solid-to-Solid Phase-Change Materials for Thermal-Energy Harvesting, Storage, and Utilization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202457. [PMID: 35616900 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phase-change materials (PCMs) offer tremendous potential to store thermal energy during reversible phase transitions for state-of-the-art applications. The practicality of these materials is adversely restricted by volume expansion, phase segregation, and leakage problems associated with conventional solid-liquid PCMs. Solid-solid PCMs, as promising alternatives to solid-liquid PCMs, are gaining much attention toward practical thermal-energy storage (TES) owing to their inimitable advantages such as solid-state processing, negligible volume change during phase transition, no contamination, and long cyclic life. Herein, the aim is to provide a holistic analysis of solid-solid PCMs suitable for thermal-energy harvesting, storage, and utilization. The developing strategies of solid-solid PCMs are presented and then the structure-property relationship is discussed, followed by potential applications. Finally, an outlook discussion with momentous challenges and future directions is presented. Hopefully, this review will provide a guideline to the scientific community to develop high-performance solid-solid PCMs for advanced TES applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Usman
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Waseem Aftab
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mulin Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruqiang Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Institute of Clean Energy, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Asher M, Jouclas R, Bardini M, Diskin-Posner Y, Kahn N, Korobko R, Kennedy AR, Silva de Moraes L, Schweicher G, Liu J, Beljonne D, Geerts Y, Yaffe O. Chemical Modifications Suppress Anharmonic Effects in the Lattice Dynamics of Organic Semiconductors. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:699-708. [PMID: 36397874 PMCID: PMC9650719 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The lattice dynamics
of organic semiconductors has a significant
role in determining their electronic and mechanical properties. A
common technique to control these macroscopic properties is to chemically
modify the molecular structure. These modifications are known to change
the molecular packing, but their effect on the lattice dynamics is
relatively unexplored. Therefore, we investigate how chemical modifications
to a core [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT)
semiconducting crystal affect the evolution of the crystal structural
dynamics with temperature. Our study combines temperature-dependent
polarization-orientation (PO) low-frequency Raman measurements with
first-principles calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
measurements. We show that chemical modifications can indeed suppress
specific expressions of vibrational anharmonicity in the lattice dynamics.
Specifically, we detect in BTBT a gradual change in the PO Raman response
with temperature, indicating a unique anharmonic expression. This
anharmonic expression is suppressed in all examined chemically modified
crystals (ditBu-BTBT and diC8-BTBT, diPh-BTBT, and DNTT). In addition,
we observe solid–solid phase transitions in the alkyl-modified
BTBTs. Our findings indicate that π-conjugated chemical modifications
are the most effective in suppressing these anharmonic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Asher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Bardini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nitzan Kahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Roman Korobko
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Lygia Silva de Moraes
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Omer Yaffe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Beckmann PA, Rablen PR, Schmink J, Szewczyk ST, Rheingold AL. Concomitant Polymorphism in an Organic Solid: Molecular and Crystal Structure and Intra- and Intermolecular Potential Contributions to tert-Butyl and Methyl Group Rotation. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2887-2894. [PMID: 31507058 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the relationship between structure (crystal and molecular) and tert-butyl and methyl group dynamics in 2-(tert-butyl)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)anthracene. Powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, taken together, show that different polycrystalline samples recrystallized from different solvents have different amounts of at least four polymorphs (crystallites having different crystal structures), of which we have identified three by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecules in the asymmetric units of the different crystal structures differ by the dihedral angle the tert-butylphenyl group makes with the anthracene moiety. Ab initio electronic structure calculations on the isolated molecule show that very little intramolecular energy is required to change this angle over a range of about 60° which is probably the origin of the concomitant polymorphism (crystals of more than one polymorph in a polycrystalline sample). Solid state 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxation experiments support the powder and single-crystal X-ray results and provide average NMR activation energies (closely related to rotational barriers) for the rotation of the tert-butyl groups and their constituent methyl groups. These barriers have both an intramolecular and an intermolecular component. The latter is sensitive to the crystal structure. The intramolecular components of the rotational barriers of the two tert-butyl groups in the isolated molecule are investigated with ab initio electronic structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Beckmann
- Department of Physics, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul R Rablen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Schmink
- Division of General Education, Pennsylvania College of Health Sciences, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven T Szewczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Beckmann PA, Ford J, Malachowski WP, McGhie AR, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Sloan GJ, Szewczyk ST. Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Organic Molecular Solids: Polymorphism and the Dependence on Sample Preparation. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2423-2436. [PMID: 29956438 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance 1 H spin-lattice relaxation, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry in solid samples of 2-ethylanthracene (EA) and 2-ethylanthraquinone (EAQ) that have been physically purified in different ways from the same commercial starting compounds. The solid-state 1 H spin-lattice relaxation is always non-exponential at high temperatures as expected when CH3 rotation is responsible for the relaxation. The 1 H spin-lattice relaxation experiments are very sensitive to the "several-molecule" (clusters) structure of these van der Waals molecular solids. In the three differently prepared samples of EAQ, the relaxation also becomes very non-exponential at low temperatures. This is very unusual and the decay of the nuclear magnetization can be fitted with both a stretched exponential and a double exponential. This unusual result correlates with the powder X-ray diffractometry results and suggests that the anomalous relaxation is due to crystallites of two (or more) different polymorphs (concomitant polymorphism).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Beckmann
- Department of Physics, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jamie Ford
- Nanoscale Characterization Facility Singh Center for Nanotechnology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Andrew R McGhie
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gilbert J Sloan
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven T Szewczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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