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Watson PD, Meizyte G, Pearcy PAJ, Brewer EI, Green AE, Robertson C, Paterson MJ, Mackenzie SR. Infrared spectra and fragmentation dynamics of isotopologue-selective mixed-ligand complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16589-16596. [PMID: 38814318 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00978a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Isolated mixed-ligand complexes provide tractable model systems in which to study competitive and cooperative binding effects as well as controlled energy flow. Here, we report spectroscopic and isotopologue-selective infrared photofragmentation dynamics of mixed gas-phase Au(12/13CO)n(N2O)m+ complexes. The rich infrared action spectra, which are reproduced well using simulations of calculated lowest energy structures, clarify previous ambiguities in the assignment of vibrational bands, especially accidental coincidence of CO and N2O bands. The fragmentation dynamics exhibit the same unexpected behaviour as reported previously in which, once CO loss channels are energetically accessible, these dominate the fragmentation branching ratios, despite the much lower binding energy of N2O. We have investigated the dynamics computationally by considering anharmonic couplings between a relevant subset of normal modes involving both ligand stretch and intermolecular modes. Discrepancies between correlated and uncorrelated model fit to the ab initio potential energy curves are quantified using a Boltzmann sampled root mean squared deviation providing insight into efficiency of vibrational energy transfer between high frequency ligand stretches and the softer intermolecular modes which break during fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Watson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Gabriele Meizyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Philip A J Pearcy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Edward I Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Alice E Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Christopher Robertson
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Martin J Paterson
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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2
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Meizyte G, Brown RH, Brewer EI, Watson PD, Mackenzie SR. A Combined Infrared and Computational Study of Gas-Phase Mixed-Ligand Rhodium Complexes: Rh(CO) n(N 2O) m+ ( n = 1-5, m = 1-4). J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9220-9228. [PMID: 37906705 PMCID: PMC10641848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mixed carbonyl and nitrous oxide complexes with Rh+ were studied by mass-selective infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in a molecular beam. The infrared spectra, recorded in the region of the CO and N2O N═N stretches, were assigned and interpreted with the aid of simulated spectra of low-energy structural isomers. Clear evidence of an inner coordination shell of four ligands is observed. The observed vibrational structure can be understood on the basis of local mode vibrations in the two ligands. However, there is also evidence of multiple low-lying isomers and cooperative binding effects between the two ligands. In particular, σ donation from directly coordinated nitrous oxide ligands drives more classical carbonyl bonding than has been observed in pure carbonyl complexes. The observed fragmentation branching ratios following resonant infrared absorption are explained by simple statistical and energetic arguments, providing a contrast with those of equivalent Au+ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meizyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
| | - Rachael H. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
| | - Edward I. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
| | - Peter D. Watson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
| | - Stuart R. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3QZ
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3
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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Meizyte G, Pearcy PAJ, Watson PD, Brewer EI, Green AE, Doll M, Duda OA, Mackenzie SR. An Infrared Study of Gas-Phase Metal Nitrosyl Ion-Molecule Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9414-9422. [PMID: 36480929 PMCID: PMC9791661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present a combined experimental and quantum chemical study of gas-phase group 9 metal nitrosyl complexes, M(NO)n+ (M = Co, Rh, Ir). Experimental infrared photodissociation spectra of mass-selected ion-molecule complexes are presented in the region 1600 cm-1 to 2000 cm-1 which includes the NO stretch. These are interpreted by comparison with the simulated spectra of energetically low-lying structures calculated using density functional theory. A mix of linear and nonlinear ligand binding is observed, often within the same complex, and clear evidence of coordination shell closing is observed at n = 4 for Co(NO)n+ and Ir(NO)n+. Calculations of Rh(NO)n+ complexes suggest additional low-lying five-coordinate structures. In all cases, once a second coordination shell is occupied, new spectral features appear which are assigned to (NO)2 dimer moieties. Further evidence of such motifs comes from differences in the spectra recorded in the dissociation channels corresponding to single and double ligand loss.
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Brewer EI, Green AE, Gentleman AS, Beardsmore PW, Pearcy PAJ, Meizyte G, Pickering J, Mackenzie SR. An infrared study of CO 2 activation by holmium ions, Ho + and HoO . Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22716-22723. [PMID: 36106954 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02862j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and computational study of carbon dioxide activation at gas-phase Ho+ and HoO+ centres. Infrared action spectra of Ho(CO2)n+ and [HoO(CO2)n]+ ion-molecule complexes have been recorded in the spectral region 1700-2400 cm-1 and assigned by comparison with simulated spectra of energetically low-lying structures determined by density functional theory. Little by way of activation is observed in Ho(CO2)n+ complexes with CO2 binding end-on to the Ho+ ion. By contrast, all [HoO(CO2)n]+ complexes n ≥ 3 show unambiguous evidence for formation of a carbonate radical anion moiety, . The signature of this structure, a new vibrational band observed around 1840 cm-1 for n = 3, continues to red-shift monotonically with each successive CO2 ligand binding with net charge transfer from the ligand rather than the metal centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward I Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Alice E Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Alexander S Gentleman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Peter W Beardsmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Philip A J Pearcy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Gabriele Meizyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Jack Pickering
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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Green AE, Brown RH, Meizyte G, Mackenzie SR. Spectroscopy and Infrared Photofragmentation Dynamics of Mixed Ligand Ion-Molecule Complexes: Au(CO) x(N 2O) y. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7266-7277. [PMID: 34433267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and computational study of the structure and fragmentation dynamics of mixed ligand gas-phase ion-molecule complexes. Specifically, we have studied the infrared spectroscopy and vibrationally induced photofragmentation dynamics of mass-selected Au(CO)x(N2O)y+ complexes. The structures can be understood on the basis of local CO and N2O chromophores in different solvation shells with CO found preferentially in the core. Rich fragmentation dynamics are observed as a function of complex composition and the vibrational mode excited. The dynamics are characterized in terms of branching ratios for different ligand loss channels in light of calculated internal energy distributions. Intramolecular vibrational redistribution appears to be rapid, and dissociation is observed into all energetically accessible channels with little or no evidence for preferential breaking of the weakest intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Green
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom OX1 3QZ
| | - Rachael H Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom OX1 3QZ
| | - Gabriele Meizyte
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom OX1 3QZ
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom OX1 3QZ
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Cunningham EM, Green AE, Meizyte G, Gentleman AS, Beardsmore PW, Schaller S, Pollow KM, Saroukh K, Förstel M, Dopfer O, Schöllkopf W, Fielicke A, Mackenzie SR. Infrared action spectroscopy of nitrous oxide on cationic gold and cobalt clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:329-338. [PMID: 33346764 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05195k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide on finely divided transition metals is an important environmental issue. In this study, we present the results of a combined infrared action spectroscopy and quantum chemical investigation of molecular N2O binding to isolated Aun+ (n ≤ 7) and Con+ (n ≤ 5) clusters. Infrared multiple-photon dissociation spectra have been recorded in the regions of both the N[double bond, length as m-dash]O (1000-1400 cm-1) and N[double bond, length as m-dash]N (2100-2450 cm-1) stretching modes of nitrous oxide. In the case of Aun+ clusters only the ground electronic state plays a role, while the involvement of energetically low-lying excited states in binding to the Con+ clusters cannot be ruled out. There is a clear preference for N-binding to clusters of both metals but some O-bound isomers are observed in the case of smaller Con(N2O)+ clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
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8
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Green AE, Schaller S, Meizyte G, Rhodes BJ, Kealy SP, Gentleman AS, Schöllkopf W, Fielicke A, Mackenzie SR. Infrared Study of OCS Binding and Size-Selective Reactivity with Gold Clusters, Aun+ (n = 1–10). J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5389-5401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Green
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Schaller
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Meizyte
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Rhodes
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P. Kealy
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S. Gentleman
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wieland Schöllkopf
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stuart R. Mackenzie
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Meizyte G, Green AE, Gentleman AS, Schaller S, Schöllkopf W, Fielicke A, Mackenzie SR. Free electron laser infrared action spectroscopy of nitrous oxide binding to platinum clusters, Ptn(N2O)+. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18606-18613. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02800b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared multiple-photon dissociation spectroscopy has been applied to study Ptn(N2O)+ (n = 1–8) clusters which represent entrance-channel complexes on the reactive potential energy surface for nitrous oxide decomposition on platinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meizyte
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Alice E. Green
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Alexander S. Gentleman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Sascha Schaller
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | | | - André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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10
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Valadbeigi Y, Gal JF. Assessment of the nature of interactions of cations with cycloheptatriene derivatives using change in the aromaticity: Comparison with electron density and NBO results. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1662507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Jean-François Gal
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
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11
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Cunningham EM, Gentleman AS, Beardsmore PW, Mackenzie SR. Infrared spectroscopy of closed s-shell gas-phase M+(N2O)n (M = Li, Al) ion-molecule complexes. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1595202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M. Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander S. Gentleman
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter W. Beardsmore
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart R. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Cunningham EM, Gentleman AS, Beardsmore PW, Mackenzie SR. Structural isomers and low-lying electronic states of gas-phase M+(N2O)n (M = Co, Rh, Ir) ion–molecule complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13959-13967. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05995k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structures of gas-phase group nine cation–nitrous oxide metal–ligand complexes, M+(N2O)n (M = Co, Rh, Ir; n = 2–7) have been determined by a combination of infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M. Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Alexander S. Gentleman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Peter W. Beardsmore
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Stuart R. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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13
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Gentleman AS, Green AE, Price DR, Cunningham EM, Iskra A, Mackenzie SR. Infrared Spectroscopy of Au +(CH 4) n Complexes and Vibrationally-Enhanced C-H Activation Reactions. Top Catal 2017; 61:81-91. [PMID: 31258301 PMCID: PMC6560929 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A combined spectroscopic and computational study of gas-phase Au+(CH4)n (n = 3–8) complexes reveals a strongly-bound linear Au+(CH4)2 core structure to which up to four additional ligands bind in a secondary coordination shell. Infrared resonance-enhanced photodissociation spectroscopy in the region of the CH4a1 and t2 fundamental transitions reveals essentially free internal rotation of the core ligands about the H4C–Au+–CH4 axis, with sharp spectral features assigned by comparison with spectral simulations based on density functional theory. In separate experiments, vibrationally-enhanced dehydrogenation is observed when the t2 vibrational normal mode in methane is excited prior to complexation. Clear infrared-induced enhancement is observed in the mass spectrum for peaks corresponding 4u below the mass of the Au+(CH4)n=2,3 complexes corresponding, presumably, to the loss of two H2 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Gentleman
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Alice E Green
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Daniel R Price
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Ethan M Cunningham
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Andreas Iskra
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
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