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Herbert JM. Visualizing and characterizing excited states from time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3755-3794. [PMID: 38226636 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is the most widely-used electronic structure method for excited states, due to a favorable combination of low cost and semi-quantitative accuracy in many contexts, even if there are well recognized limitations. This Perspective describes various ways in which excited states from TD-DFT calculations can be visualized and analyzed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This includes not just orbitals and densities but also well-defined statistical measures of electron-hole separation and of Frenkel-type exciton delocalization. Emphasis is placed on mathematical connections between methods that have often been discussed separately. Particular attention is paid to charge-transfer diagnostics, which provide indicators of when TD-DFT may not be trustworthy due to its categorical failure to describe long-range electron transfer. Measures of exciton size and charge separation that are directly connected to the underlying transition density are recommended over more ad hoc metrics for quantifying charge-transfer character.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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2
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Luise D, Wilbraham L, Labat F, Ciofini I. Modeling UV-Vis spectra of low dimensional materials using electrostatic embedding: The case of CdSe. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1212-1224. [PMID: 33978978 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a generalization of a self-consistent electrostatic embedding approach (SC-Ewald) devised to investigate the photophysical properties of 3D periodic materials, to systems in one- or two-dimensional (2D) reduced periodicity. In this approach, calculations are carried out on a small finite molecular cluster extracted from a periodic model, while the crystalline environment is accounted for by an array of point charges which are fitted to reproduce the exact electrostatic potential (at ground or the excited state) of the infinite periodic system. Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations are combined with time dependent DFT calculations to simulate absorption and emission properties of the extended system under investigation. We apply this method to compute the UV-Vis. spectra of bulk and quantum-confined 0D quantum dots and 2D extended nanoplatelets of CdSe, due to their relevance as sensitizers in solar cells technologies. The influence of the size and shape of the finite cluster model chosen in the excited state calculations was also investigated and revealed that, although the long-range electrostatics of the environment are important for the calculation of the UV-Vis, a subtle balance between short- and long-range effects exists. These encouraging results demonstrate that this self-consistent electrostatic embedding approach, when applied in different dimensions, can successfully model the photophysical properties of diverse material classes, making it an attractive low-cost alternative to far more computationally demanding electronic structure methods for excited state calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Luise
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Labat
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, Paris, France
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3
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Huet L, Perfetto A, Muniz-Miranda F, Campetella M, Adamo C, Ciofini I. General Density-Based Index to Analyze Charge Transfer Phenomena: From Models to Butterfly Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:4543-4553. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léon Huet
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Perfetto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesco Muniz-Miranda
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marco Campetella
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), 75005 Paris, France
- France and Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), 75005 Paris, France
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4
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Campetella M, Sanz García J. Following the evolution of excited states along photochemical reaction pathways. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1156-1164. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Campetella
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR7588 F‐75005 Paris France
| | - Juan Sanz García
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UPMC Paris 06, UMR7616 F‐75005 Paris France
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Berbigier JF, Duarte LGTA, Perez JM, Mendes RA, Zapp E, Atvars TDZ, Dal-Bó AG, Rodembusch FS. Excited state intramolecular proton transfer process in benzazole fluorophores tailored by polymeric matrix: A combined theoretical and experimental study. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Perfetto A, Maschietto F, Ciofini I. Following excited states in molecular systems using density-based indexes: A dual emissive system as a test case. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Le Bras L, Adamo C, Perrier A. In Silico Investigation of the Aggregation‐Caused Quenching: the “Tolane‐Based Molecule” Case. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Le Bras
- Chimie ParisTechPSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Science (i-CLeHS) F-75005 Paris France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTechPSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Science (i-CLeHS) F-75005 Paris France
- Institut Universitaire de France 103 Boulevard Saint Michel F-75005 Paris France
| | - Aurélie Perrier
- Chimie ParisTechPSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Science (i-CLeHS) F-75005 Paris France
- Université Paris DiderotSorbonne Paris Cité 5 rue Thomas Mann F-75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
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Karges J, Heinemann F, Maschietto F, Patra M, Blacque O, Ciofini I, Spingler B, Gasser G. A Ru(II) polypyridyl complex bearing aldehyde functions as a versatile synthetic precursor for long-wavelength absorbing photodynamic therapy photosensitizers. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2666-2675. [PMID: 31103403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) for the treatment of several kinds of cancer as well as bacterial, fungal or viral infections has received increasing attention during the last decade. However, the currently clinically approved photosensitizers (PSs) have several drawbacks, including photobleaching, slow clearance from the organism and poor water solubility. To overcome these shortcomings, many efforts have been made in the development of new types of PSs, such as Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes. Nevertheless, most studied Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes have a low absorbance in the spectral therapeutic window. In this work, we show that, by carefully selecting substituents on the polypyridyl complex, it is possible to prepare a complex absorbing at a much higher wavelength. Specifically, we report on the synthesis as well as in-depth experimental and theoretical characterisation of a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex (complex 3) combining a shift in absorbance towards the spectral therapeutic window with a high 1O2 production. To overcome the absence or poor selectivity of most approved PSs into targeted cells/bacteria, they can be linked to targeting moieties. In this line, compound 3 was designed with reactive aldehyde groups, which can be used as a highly versatile synthetic precursor for further conjugation. As a proof of concept, 3 was reacted with benzylamine and the stability of the resulting conjugate 4 was investigated in DMSO, PBS and cell media. 4 showed an impressive ability to act as a PDT PS with no measurable dark cytotoxicity and photocytotoxicity in the low micromolar range against cancerous HeLa cells from 450 nm up to 540 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Franz Heinemann
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Maschietto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Malay Patra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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Salla CAM, Teixeira dos Santos J, Farias G, Bortoluzi AJ, Curcio SF, Cazati T, Izsák R, Neese F, de Souza B, Bechtold IH. New Boron(III) Blue Emitters for All-Solution Processed OLEDs: Molecular Design Assisted by Theoretical Modeling. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A. M. Salla
- Physics Department; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | | | - Giliandro Farias
- Chemistry Department; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Adailton J. Bortoluzi
- Chemistry Department; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Sergio F. Curcio
- Physics Department; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; 35400-000 Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Thiago Cazati
- Physics Department; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; 35400-000 Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Róbert Izsák
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Bernardo de Souza
- Chemistry Department; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Ivan H. Bechtold
- Physics Department; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brazil
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Maschietto F, Sanz García J, Campetella M, Ciofini I. Using density based indexes to characterize excited states evolution. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:650-656. [PMID: 30549077 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of offering new computational tools helping in the description of photochemical reactions and phenomena occurring at the excited state, we present in this work the capability of a density based index (Π) in locating decay channels from higher to lower excited states. The Π index, previously applied to disclose non-radiative decay channels from the first excited state to the ground state, is very simple in its formulation and can be evaluated, practically with no extra computational cost, and coupled to any quantum method able to provide excited states densities. Indeed, this index relies only on the knowledge of energetics and electron densities of the different electronic states involved in the decay. In the present work, we show the proficiency of the Π index in the general case of decay between excited states by applying it to two model systems well characterized both theoretically and experimentally. In both cases, this descriptor was successful in spotting the regions where excited states are more likely to decay, thus suggesting its potential interest for further application in the design of new compounds. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Maschietto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Juan Sanz García
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marco Campetella
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
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11
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Campetella M, Perfetto A, Ciofini I. Quantifying partial hole-particle distance at the excited state: A revised version of the DCT index. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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