1
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Pihlava L, Svensson PHW, Kukk E, Kooser K, De Santis E, Tõnisoo A, Käämbre T, André T, Akiyama T, Hessenthaler L, Giehr F, Björneholm O, Caleman C, Berholts M. Shell-dependent photofragmentation dynamics of a heavy-atom-containing bifunctional nitroimidazole radiosensitizer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8879-8890. [PMID: 38426309 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00367e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation to break chemical bonds in cancer cells, thereby causing DNA damage and leading to cell death. The therapeutic effectiveness can be further increased by making the tumor cells more sensitive to radiation. Here, we investigate the role of the initial halogen atom core hole on the photofragmentation dynamics of 2-bromo-5-iodo-4-nitroimidazole, a potential bifunctional radiosensitizer. Bromine and iodine atoms were included in the molecule to increase the photoionization cross-section of the radiosensitizer at higher photon energies. The fragmentation dynamics of the molecule was studied experimentally in the gas phase using photoelectron-photoion-photoion coincidence spectroscopy and computationally using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. We observed significant changes between shallow core (I 4d, Br 3d) and deep core (I 3d) ionization in fragment formation and their kinetic energies. Despite the fact, that the ions ejected after deep core ionization have higher kinetic energies, we show that in a cellular environment, the ion spread is not much larger, keeping the damage well-localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassi Pihlava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Pamela H W Svensson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Kuno Kooser
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald 1, EST-50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Emiliano De Santis
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, University of Uppsala, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arvo Tõnisoo
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald 1, EST-50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tanel Käämbre
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald 1, EST-50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tomas André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomoko Akiyama
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Hessenthaler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Flavia Giehr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl Caleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Berholts
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald 1, EST-50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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2
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Svensson PHW, Schwob L, Grånäs O, Unger I, Björneholm O, Timneanu N, Lindblad R, Vieli AL, Zamudio-Bayer V, Timm M, Hirsch K, Caleman C, Berholts M. Heavy element incorporation in nitroimidazole radiosensitizers: molecular-level insights into fragmentation dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:770-779. [PMID: 37888897 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the photofragmentation behavior of iodine-enhanced nitroimidazole-based radiosensitizer model compounds in their protonated form using near-edge X-ray absorption mass spectrometry and quantum mechanical calculations. These molecules possess dual functionality: improved photoabsorption capabilities and the ability to generate species that are relevant to cancer sensitization upon photofragmentation. Four samples were investigated by scanning the generated fragments in the energy regions around C 1s, N 1s, O 1s, and I 3d-edges with a particular focus on NO2+ production. The experimental summed ion yield spectra are explained using the theoretical near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum based on density functional theory. Born-Oppenheimer-based molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the fragmentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela H W Svensson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lucas Schwob
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oscar Grånäs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Isaak Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna-Lydia Vieli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - Carl Caleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Berholts
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald 1, EST-50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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3
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Yang Y, Shin YK, Ooe H, Yin X, Zhang X, van Duin ACT, Murase Y, Mauro JC. Aqueous Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks Using ReaxFF-Based Metadynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37418387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous stability is a critical property for the application of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials in humid conditions. The sampling of the free energy surface for a water reaction is challenging due to a lack of a reactive force field. Here, we developed a ReaxFF force field for simulating the reaction of zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) with water. We carried out metadynamics simulations based on ReaxFF to study the reaction of water with a few different types of MOFs. We also conducted an experimental water immersion test and characterized the XRD, TG, and gas adsorption properties of the MOFs before and after the immersion test. By considering the energy barrier for a hydrolysis reaction, the simulation results are in good agreement with the experiments. MOFs with open structures and large pores are found to be unstable in metadynamics simulations, where the water molecule can attack or bond with the metallic node relatively easily. In contrast, it is more difficult for water to attack the Zn atom in the ZnN4 tetrahedral structure of ZIFs. We also found that ZIFs with the -NO2 functional groups have higher water stability. Discrepancies between the metadynamics simulation and gas adsorption experiments have been accounted for from the phase/crystallinity change of the structure reflected in the X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry analysis of the MOF samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yun Kyung Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hideaki Ooe
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1, Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Xinyang Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xueyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Murase
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1, Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - John C Mauro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Pihlava L, Berholts M, Niskanen J, Vladyka A, Kooser K, Stråhlman C, Eng-Johnsson P, Kivimäki A, Kukk E. Photodissociation of bromine-substituted nitroimidazole radiosensitizers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13004-13011. [PMID: 37165880 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy elements and some nitroimidazoles both exhibit radiosensitizing properties through different mechanisms. In an effort to see how the overall radiosensitivity might be affected when the two radiosensitizers are combined in the same molecule, we studied the gas-phase photodissociation of two brominated nitroimidazoles and a bromine-free reference sample. Synchrotron radiation was employed to initiate the photodynamics and energy-resolved multiparticle coincidence spectroscopy was used to study the ensuing dissociation. We observed the brominated samples releasing high amounts of potentially radiosensitizing fragments upon dissociation. Since bromination also increases the likelihood of the drug molecule being ionised per a given X-ray dose, we conclude that heavy-element substitution of nitroimidazoles appears to be a viable path towards new, potent radiosensitizer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassi Pihlava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Marta Berholts
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Anton Vladyka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Kuno Kooser
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Stråhlman
- Department of Materials Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Antti Kivimäki
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, SE-20100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, CNRS, Sorbonne University, FR-75005 Paris, France
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5
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Bolognesi P, Avaldi L. Photoelectron-photoion(s) coincidence studies of molecules of biological interest. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22356-22370. [PMID: 36124990 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron-photoion(s) coincidence, PEPICO, experiments with synchrotron radiation have become one of the most powerful tools to investigate dissociative photoionization thanks to their selectivity. In this paper their application to the study of molecular species of biological interest in the gas phase is reviewed. Some applications of PEPICO to the study of potential radiosensitizers, amino acids and small peptides and opportunities offered by the advent of novel methods for the production of beams of these molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bolognesi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, CP 10 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.
| | - L Avaldi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, CP 10 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.
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6
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Perspectives of Gas Phase Ion Chemistry: Spectroscopy and Modeling. CONDENSED MATTER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat7030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of ions in the gas phase has a long history and has involved both chemists and physicists. The interplay of their competences with the use of very sophisticated commercial and/or homemade instrumentations and theoretical models has improved the knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics of many chemical reactions, even if still many stages of these processes need to be fully understood. The new technologies and the novel free-electron laser facilities based on plasma acceleration open new opportunities to investigate the chemical reactions in some unrevealed fundamental aspects. The synchrotron light source can be put beside the FELs, and by mass spectrometric techniques and spectroscopies coupled with versatile ion sources it is possible to really change the state of the art of the ion chemistry in different areas such as atmospheric and astro chemistry, plasma chemistry, biophysics, and interstellar medium (ISM). In this manuscript we review the works performed by a joint combination of the experimental studies of ion–molecule reactions with synchrotron radiation and theoretical models adapted and developed to the experimental evidence. The review concludes with the perspectives of ion–molecule reactions by using FEL instrumentations as well as pump probe measurements and the initial attempt in the development of more realistic theoretical models for the prospective improvement of our predictive capability.
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7
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Chiarinelli J, Barreiro-Lage D, Bolognesi P, RICHTER R, Zettergren H, Stockett MH, Díaz-Tendero S, Avaldi L. Electron and ion spectroscopy of the cyclo-alanine-alanine dipeptide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5855-5867. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05811h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The VUV photoionisation and photofragmentation of cyclo-alanine-alanine (cAA) has been studiedin a joint experimental and theoretical work. The photoelectron spectrum and the photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) measurements, which enable a control...
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8
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Satta M, Casavola AR, Cartoni A, Castrovilli MC, Catone D, Chiarinelli J, Borocci S, Avaldi L, Bolognesi P. Ionization of 2- and 4(5)-Nitroimidazoles Radiosensitizers: A "Kinetic Competition" Between NO 2 and NO Losses. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2387-2391. [PMID: 34597457 PMCID: PMC9293481 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles are a class of chemicals with a remarkable broad spectrum of applications from the production of explosives to the use as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. The understanding of thedynamics of their fragmentation induced by ionizing sources is of fundamental interest. The goal of this work is to theoretically investigate the kinetic competition between the two most important decomposition channels of 2, 4 and 5‐Nitroimidazole cations: the NO and NO2 losses. The calculated rate constants of the two processes are in very good agreement with the experimental Photoelectron‐Photoion Coincidence (PEPICO) branching ratio. This study solves the intriguing and theoretically unexplained experimental observation that 2‐Nitroimidazole, at variance with the other two regio‐isomers is a source for only NO at low energies (<12.76 eV). This is a key point for biomedical application of the nitroimidazoles, because NO is the vasodilator that favors the reoxigenation of hypoxic tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Satta
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN-CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Casavola
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, Pl.e Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 2, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 10, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
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9
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Catone D, Satta M, Castrovilli MC, Bolognesi P, Avaldi L, Cartoni A. Photoionization of methanol: a molecular source for the prebiotic chemistry. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Backler F, Sani MA, Separovic F, Vasilyev V, Wang F. NMR Chemical Shift and Methylation of 4-Nitroimidazole: Experiment and Theory. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles and derivatives are a class of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) first introduced sixty years ago. As anti-infection agents, the structure–activity relationships of nitroimidazole compounds have been particularly difficult to study due to their low reduction potentials and unique electronic structures. In this study, we combine dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced solid-state (100K), solid-state (298K), and 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) solution-state NMR techniques (303K) with density functional theory (DFT) to study the 1H, 13C, and 15N chemical shifts of 4-nitroimidazole (4-NI) and 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole (CH3-4NI). The 4-NI chemical shifts were observed at 119.4, 136.4, and 144.7ppm for 13C, and at 181.5, 237.4, and 363.0ppm for 15N. The measurements revealed that methylation (deprotonation) of the amino nitrogen N(1) of 4-NI had less effect (Δδ=−4.8ppm) on the N(1) chemical shift but was compensated by shielding of the N(3) (Δδ=11.6ppm) in CH3-4NI. The calculated chemical shifts using DFT for 4-NI and CH3-4NI agreed well with the experimental values (within 2%) for the imidazole carbons. However, larger discrepancies (up to 13%) were observed between the calculated and measured 15N NMR chemical shifts for the imidazole nitrogen atoms of both molecules, which indicate that effects such as imidazole ring resonant structures and molecular dynamics may also contribute to the nitrogen chemical environment.
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11
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Casavola AR, Cartoni A, Castrovilli MC, Borocci S, Bolognesi P, Chiarinelli J, Catone D, Avaldi L. VUV Photofragmentation of Chloroiodomethane: The Iso-CH 2I-Cl and Iso-CH 2Cl-I Radical Cation Formation. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7491-7499. [PMID: 32786965 PMCID: PMC8010789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Dihalomethanes
XCH2Y (X and Y = F, Cl, Br, and I) are a class of compounds
involved in several processes leading to the release of halogen atoms,
ozone consumption, and aerosol particle formation. Neutral dihalomethanes
have been largely studied, but chemical physics properties and processes
involving their radical ions, like the pathways of their decomposition,
have not been completely investigated. In this work the photodissociation
dynamics of the ClCH2I molecule has been explored in the
photon energy range 9–21 eV using both VUV rare gas discharge
lamps and synchrotron radiation. The experiments show that, among
the different fragment ions, CH2I+ and CH2Cl+, which correspond to the Cl- and I-losses,
respectively, play a dominant role. The experimental ionization energy
of ClCH2I and the appearance energies of the CH2I+ and CH2Cl+ ions are in agreement
with the theoretical results obtained at the MP2/CCSD(T) level of
theory. Computational investigations have been also performed to study
the isomerization of geminal [ClCH2I]•+ into the iso-chloroiodomethane isomers: [CH2I–Cl]•+ and [CH2Cl–I]•+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Casavola
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy.,Institute for Biological Systems-CNR (ISB-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria, Km 29.500,, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Institute of Structure of Matter-CNR (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
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12
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Itälä E, Niskanen J, Pihlava L, Kukk E. Fragmentation Patterns of Radiosensitizers Metronidazole and Nimorazole upon Valence Ionization. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5555-5562. [PMID: 32513004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We study gas-phase photodissociation of radiosensitizer molecules nimorazole and metronidazole with the focus on the yield of the oxygen mimics nitrogen oxides and nitrous acid. Regardless of photon energy, we find the nimorazole cation to split the intramolecular bridge with little NO2 or NO production, which makes the molecule a precursor of dehydrogenated methylnitroimidazole. Metronidazole cation, on the contrary, has numerous fragmentation pathways with strong energy dependence. Most notably, ejection of NOOH and NO2 takes place within 4 eV from the valence ionization energy. Whereas the NO2 ejection is followed by further fragmentation steps when energy so allows, we find emission of NOOH takes place in microsecond time-scales and as a slow process that is relevant only when no other competing reaction is feasible. These primary dissociation characteristics of the molecules are understood by applying the long-known principle of rapid internal conversion of the initial electronic excitation energy and by studying the energy minima and the saddle points on the potential energy surface of the electronic ground state of the molecular cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Itälä
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Lassi Pihlava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
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13
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Satta M, Cartoni A, Catone D, Castrovilli MC, Bolognesi P, Zema N, Avaldi L. The Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide Radical Cation with Hydrogen and its Relevance in Solar Geoengineering Models. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1146-1156. [PMID: 32203633 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SO2 has been proposed in solar geoengineering as a precursor of H2 SO4 aerosol, a cooling agent active in the stratosphere to contrast climate change. Atmospheric ionization sources can ionize SO2 into excited states of S O 2 · + , which quickly reacts with trace gases in the stratosphere. In this work we explore the reaction of H 2 D 2 with S O 2 · + excited by tunable synchrotron radiation, leading to H S O 2 + + H ( D S O 2 + + D ), where H contributes to O3 depletion and OH formation. Density Functional Theory and Variational Transition State Theory have been used to investigate the dynamics of the title barrierless and exothermic reaction. The present results suggest that solar geoengineering models should test the reactivity of S O 2 · + with major trace gases in the stratosphere, such as H2 since this is a relevant channel for the OH formation during the nighttime when there is not OH production by sunlight. OH oxides SO2 , triggering the chemical reactions leading to H2 SO4 aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Satta
- ISMN (CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Pl.e Aldo Moro 5, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Pl.e Aldo Moro 5, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- CNR-ISM, Area della Ricerca di Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bolognesi
- CNR-ISM, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Nicola Zema
- CNR-ISM, Area della Ricerca di Tor Vergata, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- CNR-ISM, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
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Electron Transfer Induced Decomposition in Potassium-Nitroimidazoles Collisions: An Experimental and Theoretical Work. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246170. [PMID: 31817793 PMCID: PMC6940910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron transfer induced decomposition mechanism of nitroimidazole and a selection of analogue molecules in collisions with neutral potassium (K) atoms from 10 to 1000 eV have been thoroughly investigated. In this laboratory collision regime, the formation of negative ions was time-of-flight mass analyzed and the fragmentation patterns and branching ratios have been obtained. The most abundant anions have been assigned to the parent molecule and the nitrogen oxide anion (NO2–) and the electron transfer mechanisms are comprehensively discussed. This work focuses on the analysis of all fragment anions produced and it is complementary of our recent work on selective hydrogen loss from the transient negative ions produced in these collisions. Ab initio theoretical calculations were performed for 4-nitroimidazole (4NI), 2-nitroimidazole (2NI), 1-methyl-4- (Me4NI) and 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (Me5NI), and imidazole (IMI) in the presence of a potassium atom and provided a strong basis for the assignment of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals accessed in the collision process.
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15
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Meißner R, Feketeová L, Ribar A, Fink K, Limão-Vieira P, Denifl S. Electron Ionization of Imidazole and Its Derivative 2-Nitroimidazole. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2678-2691. [PMID: 31667709 PMCID: PMC6914720 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Imidazole (IMI) is a basic building block of many biologically important compounds. Thus, its electron ionization properties are of major interest and essential for the comparison with other molecular targets containing its elemental structure. 2-Nitroimidazole (2NI) contains the imidazole ring together with nitrogen dioxide bound to the C2 position, making it a radiosensitizing compound in hypoxic tumors. In the present study, we investigated electron ionization of IMI and 2NI and determined the mass spectra, the ionization energies, and appearance energies of the most abundant fragment cations. The experiments were complemented by quantum chemical calculations on the thermodynamic thresholds and potential energy surfaces, with particular attention to the calculated transition states for the most important dissociation reactions. In the case of IMI, substantially lower threshold values (up to ~ 1.5 eV) were obtained in the present work compared to the only available previous electron ionization study. Closer agreement was found with recent photon ionization values, albeit the general trend of slightly higher values for the case of electron ionization. The only exception for imidazole was found in the molecular cation at m/z 40 which is tentatively assigned to the quasi-linear HCCNH+/ HCNCH+. Electron ionization of 2NI leads to analogous fragment cations as in imidazole, yet different dissociation pathways must be operative due to the presence of the NO2 group. Regarding the potential radiosensitization properties of 2NI, electron ionization is characterized by dominant parent cation formation and release of the neutral NO radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Meißner
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Linda Feketeová
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon; CNRS/IN2P3, UMR5822, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anita Ribar
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Fink
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paulo Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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16
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Chiarinelli J, Casavola AR, Castrovilli MC, Bolognesi P, Cartoni A, Wang F, Richter R, Catone D, Tosic S, Marinkovic BP, Avaldi L. Radiation Damage Mechanisms of Chemotherapeutically Active Nitroimidazole Derived Compounds. Front Chem 2019; 7:329. [PMID: 31157205 PMCID: PMC6528692 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoionization mass spectrometry, photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopic technique, and computational methods have been combined to investigate the fragmentation of two nitroimidazole derived compounds: the metronidazole and misonidazole. These molecules are used in radiotherapy thanks to their capability to sensitize hypoxic tumor cells to radiation by "mimicking" the effects of the presence of oxygen as a damaging agent. Previous investigations of the fragmentation patterns of the nitroimidazole isomers (Bolognesi et al., 2016; Cartoni et al., 2018) have shown their capacity to produce reactive molecular species such as nitric oxide, carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide, and their potential impact on the biological system. The results of the present work suggest that different mechanisms are active for the more complex metronidazole and misonidazole molecules. The release of nitric oxide is hampered by the efficient formation of nitrous acid or nitrogen dioxide. Although both metronidazole and misonidazole contain imidazole ring in the backbone, the side branches of these molecules lead to very different bonding mechanisms and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Chiarinelli
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Casavola
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Feng Wang
- Molecular Modelling Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R. Richter
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia, Area della Ricerca di Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sanja Tosic
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Atomic Collision Processes, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bratislav P. Marinkovic
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Atomic Collision Processes, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura Della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
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17
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Bolognesi P, Carravetta V, Sementa L, Barcaro G, Monti S, Manjari Mishra P, Cartoni A, Castrovilli MC, Chiarinelli J, Tosic S, Marinkovic BP, Richter R, Avaldi L. Core Shell Investigation of 2-nitroimidazole. Front Chem 2019; 7:151. [PMID: 31001511 PMCID: PMC6454003 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunability and selectivity of synchrotron radiation have been used to study the excitation and ionization of 2-nitroimidazole at the C, N, and O K-edges. The combination of a set of different measurements (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge photoabsorption spectroscopy, Resonant Auger electron spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry) and computational modeling have successfully disclosed local effects due to the chemical environment on both excitation/ionization and fragmentation of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bolognesi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Montelibretti, Italy
| | | | - Luca Sementa
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Monti
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Pisa, Italy
| | - Preeti Manjari Mishra
- Stored and Cooled Ions Division, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Montelibretti, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattea C Castrovilli
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Montelibretti, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi di Roma 3, Rome, Italy
| | - Sanja Tosic
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Robert Richter
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Montelibretti, Italy
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18
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Itälä E, Myllynen H, Niskanen J, González-Vázquez J, Wang Y, Ha DT, Denifl S, Kukk E. Controlling NO Production Upon Valence Ionization of Nitroimidazoles. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3074-3079. [PMID: 30807166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitroimidazole exhibits a remarkable regioselective fragmentation subsequent to valence ionization, which is characterized by ejection of NO. As NO is also considered to be an effective radiosensitizer, we investigated its production efficiency as a function of isomeric composition (the site of the NO2 nitro group). We observe strong dependence in the 8.6-15 eV binding energy range, and moreover, that the production of NO can be effectively suppressed by methylation of nitroimidazole. This behavior can be understood by modification of the valence electronic structure with respect to the dissociation threshold, which gives rise to varying effective density of dissociative states. We find the NO yield to follow the efficiency of the nitroimidazole dervivatives as radiosensitizers, found in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Itälä
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , Turku FI-20014 , Finland
| | - Hanna Myllynen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , Turku FI-20014 , Finland
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , Turku FI-20014 , Finland
| | - Jesús González-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13 , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Yang Wang
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13 , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Dang Trinh Ha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , Turku FI-20014 , Finland
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center of Molecular Biosciences , Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstrasse 25 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , Turku FI-20014 , Finland
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19
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Catone D, Satta M, Cartoni A, Castrovilli MC, Bolognesi P, Turchini S, Avaldi L. Gas Phase Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide by Sulfur Dioxide Radical Cation: Reaction Dynamics and Kinetic Trend With the Temperature. Front Chem 2019; 7:140. [PMID: 30972318 PMCID: PMC6443698 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas phase ion chemistry has fundamental and applicative purposes since it allows the study of the chemical processes in a solvent free environment and represents models for reactions occurring in the space at low and high temperatures. In this work the ion-molecule reaction of sulfur dioxide ion SO 2 . + with carbon monoxide CO is investigated in a joint experimental and theoretical study. The reaction is a fast and exothermic chemical oxidation of CO into more stable CO2 by a metal free species, as SO 2 . + , excited into ro-vibrational levels of the electronic ground state by synchrotron radiation. The results show that the reaction is hampered by the enhancement of internal energy of sulfur dioxide ion and the only ionic product is SO.+. The theoretical approach of variational transition state theory (VTST) based on density functional electronic structure calculations, shows an interesting and peculiar reaction dynamics of the interacting system along the reaction path. Two energy minima corresponding to [SO2-CO].+ and [OS-OCO].+ complexes are identified. These minima are separated by an intersystem crossing barrier which couples the bent 3B2 state of CO2 with C2v symmetry and the 1A1 state with linear D∞h symmetry. The spin and charge reorganization along the minimum energy path (MEP) are analyzed and eventually the charge and spin remain allocated to the SO.+ moiety and the stable CO2 molecule is easily produced. There is no bottleneck that slows down the reaction and the values of the rate coefficient k at different temperatures are calculated with capture theory. A value of 2.95 × 10-10 cm3s-1molecule-1 is obtained at 300 K in agreement with the literature experimental measurement of 3.00 × 10-10 ± 20% cm3s-1molecule-1, and a negative trend with temperature is predicted consistently with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Catone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Satta
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattea C Castrovilli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Turchini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
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