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Wang K, Cline RP, Schwan J, Strain JM, Roberts ST, Mangolini L, Eaves JD, Tang ML. Efficient photon upconversion enabled by strong coupling between silicon quantum dots and anthracene. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01225-x. [PMID: 37308710 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid structures formed between organic molecules and inorganic quantum dots can accomplish unique photophysical transformations by taking advantage of their disparate properties. The electronic coupling between these materials is typically weak, leading photoexcited charge carriers to spatially localize to the dot or to a molecule at its surface. However, we show that by converting a chemical linker that covalently binds anthracene molecules to silicon quantum dots from a carbon-carbon single bond to a double bond, we access a strong coupling regime where excited carriers spatially delocalize across both anthracene and silicon. By pushing the system to delocalize, we design a photon upconversion system with a higher efficiency (17.2%) and lower threshold intensity (0.5 W cm-2) than that of a corresponding weakly coupled system. Our results show that strong coupling between molecules and nanostructures achieved through targeted linking chemistry provides a complementary route for tailoring properties in materials for light-driven applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - R Peyton Cline
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joseph Schwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jacob M Strain
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Mangolini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Joel D Eaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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2
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Manian A, Hudson RJ, Ramkissoon P, Smith TA, Russo SP. Interexcited State Photophysics I: Benchmarking Density Functionals for Computing Nonadiabatic Couplings and Internal Conversion Rate Constants. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:271-292. [PMID: 36490305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present the first benchmarking study of nonadiabatic matrix coupling elements (NACMEs) calculated using different density functionals. Using the S1 → S0 transition in perylene solvated in toluene as a case study, we calculate the photophysical properties and corresponding rate constants for a variety of density functionals from each rung of Jacob's ladder. The singlet photoluminescence quantum yield (sPLQY) is taken as a measure of accuracy, measured experimentally here as 0.955. Important quantum chemical parameters such as geometries, absorption, emission, and adiabatic energies, NACMEs, Hessians, and transition dipole moments were calculated for each density functional basis set combination (data set) using density functional theory based multireference configuration interaction (DFT/MRCI) and compared to experiment where possible. We were able to derive simple relations between the TDDFT and DFT/MRCI photophysical properties; with semiempirical damping factors of ∼0.843 ± 0.017 and ∼0.954 ± 0.064 for TDDFT transition dipole moments and energies to DFT/MRCI level approximations, respectively. NACMEs were dominated by out-of-plane derivative components belonging to the center-most ring atoms with weaker contributions from perturbations along the transverse and longitudinal axes. Calculated theoretical spectra compared well to both experiment and literature, with fluorescence lifetimes between 7.1 and 12.5 ns, agreeing within a factor of 2 with experiment. Internal conversion (IC) rates were then calculated and were found to vary wildly between 106-1016 s-1 compared with an experimental rate of the order 107 s-1. Following further testing by mixing data sets, we found a strong dependence on the method used to obtain the Hessian. The 5 characterized data sets ranked in order of most promising are PBE0/def2-TZVP, ωB97XD/def2-TZVP, HCTH407/TZVP, PBE/TZVP, and PBE/def2-TZVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjay Manian
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne3000, Australia
| | - Rohan J Hudson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville3010, Australia
| | - Pria Ramkissoon
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville3010, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville3010, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne3000, Australia
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Luan K, Lin QF, Xie FF, Wang Y, Li YF, Wang L, Deng LL, Xie SY, Zheng LS. Molecular Tweezer Based on Perylene and Crown Ether for Selective Recognition of Fullerenes. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31442-31447. [PMID: 36092566 PMCID: PMC9453932 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A molecular tweezer trans-di(perylene-3-ylmethanaminobenzo)-18-crown-6 (DP-18C6) incorporating two perylene subunits in a single crown ether core was designed and synthesized as a host for fullerenes. Through the cooperative effect of the perylene subunits and the crown ether moiety, DP-18C6 can efficiently recognize fullerenes including C60, C70, and C76. 1H NMR titration and fluorescence titration experiments demonstrated that DP-18C6 can effectively grasp the fullerene molecule to form a 1:1 host-guest complex. Density functional theory calculations revealed the presence of intermolecular π-π interactions between the perylene subunits of DP-18C6 and the fullerene molecule. More importantly, DP-18C6 exhibited remarkably high binding selectivity for higher fullerenes over C60, revealing potential application for the separation of fullerenes by means of host-guest interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Luan
- State
Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiao-Fen Lin
- State
Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fang-Fang Xie
- State
Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State
Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yun-Fei Li
- State
Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State
Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lin-Long Deng
- Pen-Tung
Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State
Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State
Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Naskar S, Das M. Effects of low-lying excitations in pentalene and its derivatives in singlet fission: a model exact and density matrix renormalisation group study. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1895346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Naskar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Mousumi Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
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Huang T, Koh TT, Schwan J, Tran TTT, Xia P, Wang K, Mangolini L, Tang ML, Roberts ST. Bidirectional triplet exciton transfer between silicon nanocrystals and perylene. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6737-6746. [PMID: 34040750 PMCID: PMC8132999 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid materials comprised of inorganic quantum dots functionalized with small-molecule organic chromophores have emerged as promising materials for reshaping light's energy content. Quantum dots in these structures can serve as light harvesting antennas that absorb photons and pass their energy to molecules bound to their surface in the form of spin-triplet excitons. Energy passed in this manner can fuel upconversion schemes that use triplet fusion to convert infrared light into visible emission. Likewise, triplet excitons passed in the opposite direction, from molecules to quantum dots, can enable solar cells that use singlet fission to circumvent the Shockley–Queisser limit. Silicon QDs represent a key target for these hybrid materials due to silicon's biocompatibility and preeminence within the solar energy market. However, while triplet transfer from silicon QDs to molecules has been observed, no reports to date have shown evidence of energy moving in the reverse direction. Here, we address this gap by creating silicon QDs functionalized with perylene chromophores that exhibit bidirectional triplet exciton transfer. Using transient absorption, we find triplet transfer from silicon to perylene takes place over 4.2 μs while energy transfer in the reverse direction occurs two orders of magnitude faster, on a 22 ns timescale. To demonstrate this system's utility, we use it to create a photon upconversion system that generates blue emission at 475 nm using photons with wavelengths as long as 730 nm. Our work shows formation of covalent linkages between silicon and organic molecules can provide sufficient electronic coupling to allow efficient bidirectional triplet exchange, enabling new technologies for photon conversion. We demonstrate that silicon quantum dots can exchange spin triplet excitons with molecules covalently attached to their surface. Such hybrid materials can enable systems that upconvert incoherent far-red light into the visible spectral range.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Timothy T Koh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Joseph Schwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Tiffany T-T Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Pan Xia
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Kefu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Lorenzo Mangolini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA .,Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Ming L Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA .,Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA .,Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
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Ultrafast spectroscopy reveals singlet fission, ionization and excimer formation in perylene film. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5220. [PMID: 33664304 PMCID: PMC7933242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet exciton fission (SF) is a spin-allowed process whereby two triplet excitons are created from one singlet exciton. This phenomenon can offset UV photon energy losses and enhance the overall efficiency in photovoltaic devices. For this purpose, it requires photostable commercially available SF materials. Excited state dynamics in pure perylene film, ease of commercial production, is studied by time-resolved fluorescence and femtosecond transient absorption techniques under different photoexcitation energies. In film, polycrystalline regions contain perylene in H-type aggregate form. SF takes place from higher excited states of these aggregates in ultrafast time scale < 30 fs, reaching a triplet formation quantum yield of 108%. Moreover, at λex = 450 nm singlet fission was detected as a result of two-quantum absorption. Other competing relaxation channels are excimer (1 ps) and dimer radical cation formation (< 30 fs). Excimer radiatively relaxes within 19 ns and radical cation recombines in 3.2 ns. Besides, exciton self-trapping by crystal lattice distortions occurs within hundreds of picosecond. Our results highlight potential of simple-fabricated perylene films with similar properties as high-cost single crystal in SF based photovoltaic applications.
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Singh A, Humeniuk A, Röhr MIS. Energetics and optimal molecular packing for singlet fission in BN-doped perylenes: electronic adiabatic state basis screening. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16525-16536. [PMID: 34291783 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01762d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission has the potential to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic devices, but the design of suitable chromophores is notoriously difficult. Both the electronic properties of the monomer and the packing motif in the crystal have a big impact on the singlet fission efficiency. Using perylene as an example, it is shown that doping with boron and nitrogen not only helps to align the energy levels but also shifts the stacking position that is optimal for singlet fission. Among all perylene derivatives doped with one or two BN groups, we identify the most suitable isomer for singlet fission with the help of TD-DFT and CASPT2 calculations. The optimal relative disposition of the two monomer units in a cofacially stacked homodimer is explored using two semiempirical models for the singlet fission rate: The first one is the well-known diabatic frontier orbital model, while the second treats singlet fission as a non-adiabatic transition and approximates the rate as the length squared of the non-adiabatic coupling vector between eigenfunctions of the diabatic Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Singh
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
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Energy ordering of singlet and triplet excited states in indacenodithiophene and indenofluorenes molecules in singlet fission: A model exact and density matrix renormalization group study. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Naskar S, Das M. The use of low-lying excited states of zethrene and its homologs in singlet fission within Pariser-Parr-Pople model Hamiltonian: A Density Matrix Renormalization Group study. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Ni W, Gurzadyan GG, Zhao J, Che Y, Li X, Sun L. Singlet Fission from Upper Excited Electronic States of Cofacial Perylene Dimer. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2428-2433. [PMID: 31025867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission directly from the upper excited vibrational and electronic states of cofacial perylene dimers, bypassing the relaxed state S1, was detected within 50 fs. This process competes well with vibrational cooling in S1 (4.7-7.0 ps) and S2 → S1 internal conversion (380 fs). The singlet fission has the energy threshold E = 3.06 eV. Other competitive relaxation processes are excimer and dimer cation formation on an ultrafast time scale. Excitation to higher energy levels (4.96 eV) leads to a higher efficiency of singlet fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis , Dalian University of Technology , 116024 Dalian , China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis , Dalian University of Technology , 116024 Dalian , China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , 116024 Dalian , China
| | - Yuanyuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , 116024 Dalian , China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis , Dalian University of Technology , 116024 Dalian , China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis , Dalian University of Technology , 116024 Dalian , China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10044 Stockholm , Sweden
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