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Gish MK, Karunasena CD, Carr JM, Kopcha WP, Greenaway AL, Mohapatra AA, Zhang J, Basu A, Brosius V, Pratik SM, Bredas JL, Coropceanu V, Barlow S, Marder SR, Ferguson AJ, Reid OG. The Excited-State Lifetime of Poly(NDI2OD-T2) Is Intrinsically Short. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:6392-6400. [PMID: 38655059 PMCID: PMC11033933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers composed of alternating electron donor and acceptor segments have come to dominate the materials being considered for organic photoelectrodes and solar cells, in large part because of their favorable near-infrared absorption. The prototypical electron-transporting push-pull polymer poly(NDI2OD-T2) (N2200) is one such material. While reasonably efficient organic solar cells can be fabricated with N2200 as the acceptor, it generally fails to contribute as much photocurrent from its absorption bands as the donor with which it is paired. Moreover, transient absorption studies have shown N2200 to have a consistently short excited-state lifetime (∼100 ps) that is dominated by a ground-state recovery. In this paper, we investigate whether these characteristics are intrinsic to the backbone structure of this polymer or if these are extrinsic effects from ubiquitous solution-phase and thin-film aggregates. We compare the solution-phase photophysics of N2200 with those of a pair of model compounds composed of alternating bithiophene (T2) donor and naphthalene diimide (NDI) acceptor units, NDI-T2-NDI and T2-NDI-T2, in a dilute solution. We find that the model compounds have even faster ground-state recovery dynamics (τ = 45, 27 ps) than the polymer (τ = 133 ps), despite remaining molecularly isolated in solution. In these molecules, as in the case of the N2200 polymer, the lowest excited state has a T2 to NDI charge-transfer (CT) character. Electronic-structure calculations indicate that the short lifetime of this state is due to fast nonradiative decay to the ground state (GS) promoted by strong CT-GS electronic coupling and strong electron-vibrational coupling with high-frequency (quantum) normal modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Gish
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Chamikara D. Karunasena
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Joshua M. Carr
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William P. Kopcha
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ann L. Greenaway
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Aiswarya Abhisek Mohapatra
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Victor Brosius
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Andrew J. Ferguson
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Obadiah G. Reid
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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2
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Pananilath HF, Govind C, Thadathilanickal TD, Karunakaran V. Molecular torsion controls the excited state relaxation pathways of multibranched tetraphenylpyrazines: effect of substitution of morpholine vs. phenoxazine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26575-26587. [PMID: 37753725 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Multibranched donor-acceptor derivatives exhibiting desirable photophysical properties are efficiently used in optoelectronic devices, in which the excited state relaxation dynamics of the derivatives control the efficiency of the devices. Here, the effect of intramolecular torsion on the excited state relaxation dynamics of tetraphenylpyrazine (TPP) derivatives in non-polar (toluene) and polar (THF) solvents is investigated by substituting the electron donor of morpholine (TPP-4MOP) and phenoxazine (TPP-4PHO) leading to the planar and twisted configurations, respectively, using femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. In the steady state, TPP-4MOP showed feeble emission (ΦF ∼0.03) due to the weak donor by the delocalization of electron density supported by theoretical optimization. The TPP-4PHO exhibited strong emission (ΦF ∼0.18) in toluene compared to that in THF, in which it showed a large Stokes shift (∼9691 cm-1) with low fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF ∼0.01). The observation of large Stokes shifts, inherent nature and theoretical calculations of TPP-4PHO suggest the twisting of the dihedral angle between tetraphenylpyrazine and phenoxazine in the excited state leading to the twisted intramolecular charge transfer state (TICT). The femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption and picosecond time-resolved emission spectra of TPP-4PHO revealed the signature of the existence of both the partial TICT and TICT states in THF leading to the triplet state. Whereas in the case of TPP-4MOP, the transient absorption spectra showed the formation of the triplet state from the local excited state without the involvement of the TICT state. Aggregation studies of TPP-4PHO in a THF and water mixture reflect the elimination of the TICT state by the restriction of intramolecular torsion in the aggregates leading to an increase of 12-fold of the fluorescence intensity along with shifting of the maximum towards the blue region. These studies revealed that the excited state relaxation pathways of the derivatives are controlled by polarity-dependent torsional motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasim Fayiz Pananilath
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Chinju Govind
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Tessy D Thadathilanickal
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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3
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Shen Y, Zhang S, Su Y, Qu Z, Ren H. Controlling the repair mechanisms of oxetanes through functional group substitution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14511-14519. [PMID: 37190991 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01019h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Intersystem crossing (ISC) plays a key role in the photolysis processes of oxetanes formed by benzophenone (BP)-like and thymine structures. In this work, we systematically explored the photophysical processes of oxetanes and ring-splitting products and investigated the effect of substituents on the repair mechanisms of oxetanes. The regioselectivity of oxetanes (head-to-head, HH and head-to-tail, HT) and the electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents, including CH3, OCH3 and NO2, were considered. It was found that the substituents influence the ISC rates of these compounds more by changing their spin-orbit coupling (SOC) coefficients rather than energy gaps. The SOC coefficients of HH-oxetanes are more affected by these groups than HT-oxetanes and products, and they have greater ISC rates on the whole. Besides, the insertion of substituents can alter the radiative and nonradiative decay rates, thereby transforming the photoinduced cycloreversion mechanisms of oxetanes. The ring-splitting reactions of non-substituted oxetanes could occur via two pathways of singlet and triplet manifolds. Furthermore, oxetanes with NO2 at the X site have the largest ISC rates but hardly undergo repair processes, while the introduction of electron-donating substituents can effectively promote the repair of oxetanes. The singlet ring-splitting reactions of HH-oxetanes are more inclined to occur after introducing CH3 and OCH3 at two sites. However, HT-oxeatnes with CH3 are more likely to undergo triplet repair processes and OCH3-substituted structures tend to originate cycloreversion in the singlet manifolds. Moreover, the introduction of CH3 and OCH3 at the Y site rather than the X site can more significantly accelerate the repair processes of HH-oxetanes. Contrarily, HT-oxetanes with electron-donating groups at the X site exhibit faster repair rates than those at the Y site. We hope this work can provide valuable insights into BP-like drugs and photosensitive DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Shaoqin Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Yingli Su
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Zexing Qu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Haisheng Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Heavy Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizers: Molecular Structure Design, Photophysical Properties and Application in Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052170. [PMID: 36903415 PMCID: PMC10004235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising method for the treatment of cancer, because of its advantages including a low toxicity, non-drug-resistant character, and targeting capability. From a photochemical aspect, a critical property of triplet photosensitizers (PSs) used for PDT reagents is the intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency. Conventional PDT reagents are limited to porphyrin compounds. However, these compounds are difficult to prepare, purify, and derivatize. Thus, new molecular structure paradigms are desired to develop novel, efficient, and versatile PDT reagents, especially those contain no heavy atoms, such as Pt or I, etc. Unfortunately, the ISC ability of heavy atom-free organic compounds is usually elusive, and it is difficult to predict the ISC capability of these compounds and design novel heavy atom-free PDT reagents. Herein, from a photophysical perspective, we summarize the recent developments of heavy atom-free triplet PSs, including methods based on radical-enhanced ISC (REISC, facilitated by electron spin-spin interaction), twisted π-conjugation system-induced ISC, the use of fullerene C60 as an electron spin converter in antenna-C60 dyads, energetically matched S1/Tn states-enhanced ISC, etc. The application of these compounds in PDT is also briefly introduced. Most of the presented examples are the works of our research group.
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Xiao X, Kurganskii I, Maity P, Zhao J, Jiang X, Mohammed OF, Fedin M. A long-lived charge-separated state of spiro compact electron donor-acceptor dyads based on rhodamine and naphthalenediimide chromophores. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13426-13441. [PMID: 36507154 PMCID: PMC9682887 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiro rhodamine (Rho)-naphthalenediimide (NDI) electron donor-acceptor orthogonal dyads were prepared to generate a long-lived charge separation (CS) state based on the electron spin control approach, i.e. to form the 3CS state, not the 1CS state, to prolong the CS state lifetime by the electron spin forbidden feature of the charge recombination process of 3CS → S0. The electron donor Rho (lactam form) is attached via three σ bonds, including two C-C and one N-N bonds (Rho-NDI), or an intervening phenylene, to the electron acceptor NDI (Rho-Ph-NDI and Rho-PhMe-NDI). Transient absorption (TA) spectra show that fast intersystem crossing (ISC) (<120 fs) occurred to generate an upper triplet state localized on the NDI moiety (3NDI*), and then to form the CS state. For Rho-NDI in both non-polar and polar solvents, a long-lived 3CS state (lifetime τ = 0.13 μs) and charge separation quantum yield (Φ CS) up to 25% were observed, whereas for Rho-Ph-NDI (τ T = 1.1 μs) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (τ T = 2.0 μs), a low-lying 3NDI* state was formed by charge recombination (CR) in n-hexane (HEX). In toluene (TOL), however, CS states were observed for Rho-Ph-NDI (0.37 μs) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (0.63 μs). With electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, weak electronic coupling between the Rho and NDI moieties for Rho-NDI was proved. Time-resolved EPR (TREPR) spectra detected two transient species including NDI-localized triplets (formed via SOC-ISC) and a 3CS state. The CS state of Rho-NDI features the largest dipolar interaction (|D| = 184 MHz) compared to Rho-Ph-NDI (|D| = 39 MHz) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (|D| = 41 MHz) due to the smallest distance between Rho and NDI moieties. For Rho-NDI, the time-dependent e,a → a,e phase change of the CS state TREPR spectrum indicates that the long-lived CS state is based on the electron spin control effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, and Novosibirsk State UniversityPirogova str. 2Novosibirsk 630090Russia
| | - Partha Maity
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang UniversityUrumqi 830017P. R. China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, and Novosibirsk State UniversityPirogova str. 2Novosibirsk 630090Russia
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6
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Wu X, Zhu Z, Liu Z, Li X, Zhou T, Zhao X, Wang Y, Shi Y, Yu Q, Zhu WH, Wang Q. Tricyano-Methylene-Pyridine Based High-Performance Aggregation-Induced Emission Photosensitizer for Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227981. [PMID: 36432090 PMCID: PMC9697965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers equipped with high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability and bright emission are essential for accurate tumor imaging and precise photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, traditional aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) photosensitizers cannot simultaneously produce desirable ROS and bright fluorescence, resulting in poor image-guided therapy effect. Herein, we report an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer TCM-Ph with a strong donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) structure, which greatly separates the HOMO-LUMO distribution and reduces the ΔEST, thereby increasing the number of triplet excitons and producing more ROS. The AIE photosensitizer TCM-Ph has bright near-infrared emission, as well as a higher ROS generation capacity than the commercial photosensitizers Bengal Rose (RB) and Chlorine e6 (Ce6), and can effectively eliminate cancer cells under image guidance. Therefore, the AIE photosensitizer TCM-Ph has great potential to replace the commercial photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhirong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tijian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- Research Center of Resources and Environment, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiqi Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Correspondence:
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Ye K, Cao L, van Raamsdonk DME, Wang Z, Zhao J, Escudero D, Jacquemin D. Naphthalimide-phenothiazine dyads: effect of conformational flexibility and matching of the energy of the charge-transfer state and the localized triplet excited state on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1435-1453. [PMID: 36300011 PMCID: PMC9577389 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the joint influence of the conformation flexibility and the matching of the energies of the charge-transfer (CT) and the localized triplet excited (3LE) states on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in electron donor–acceptor molecules, a series of compact electron donor–acceptor dyads and a triad were prepared, with naphthalimide (NI) as electron acceptor and phenothiazine (PTZ) as electron donor. The NI and PTZ moieties are either directly connected at the 3-position of NI and the N-position of the PTZ moiety via a C–N single bond, or they are linked through a phenyl group. The tuning of the energy order of the CT and LE states is achieved by oxidation of the PTZ unit into the corresponding sulfoxide, whereas conformation restriction is imposed by introducing ortho-methyl substituents on the phenyl linker, so that the coupling magnitude between the CT and the 3LE states can be controlled. The singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) of NI-PTZ is moderate in n-hexane (HEX, ΦΔ = 19%). TADF was observed for the dyads, the biexponential luminescence lifetime are 16.0 ns (99.9%)/14.4 μs (0.1%) for the dyad and 7.2 ns (99.6%)/2.0 μs (0.4%) for the triad. Triplet state was observed in the nanosecond transient absorption spectra with lifetimes in the 4–48 μs range. Computational investigations show that the orthogonal electron donor–acceptor molecular structure is beneficial for TADF. These calculations indicate small energetic difference between the 3LE and 3CT states, which are helpful for interpreting the ns-TA spectra and the origins of TADF in NI-PTZ, which is ultimately due to the small energetic difference between the 3LE and 3CT states. Conversely, NI-PTZ-O, which has a higher CT state and bears a much more stabilized 3LE state, does not show TADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | | | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | | | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR-6230, Nantes F-44000, France
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Chen X, Sukhanov AA, Taddei M, Dick B, Zhao J, Voronkova VK, Di Donato M. Charge Separation/Recombination, Intersystem Crossing, and Unusually Slow Intramolecular Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer in Naphthalenediimide-Anthracene Compact Energy Donor-Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8740-8748. [PMID: 36098552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three anthracene (An)-naphthalenediimide (NDI) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectra show fast charge separation (ca. 0.9-1.7 ps) and relatively slow charge recombination (ca. 8-565 ps) upon photoexcitation; moreover, the 3An state was observed for 9-An-NDI, whereas the final state is 3NDI for both 9-An-Ph-NDI and 2-An-Ph-NDI, which have an intervening phenyl linker between the An and NDI units. Nanosecond transient absorption (ns-TA) spectra indicate that the lowest triplet state of all the dyads is 3An, with triplet lifetimes of 139-354 μs. An unusually slow intramolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) was observed for 9-An-Ph-NDI and 2-An-Ph-NDI (32-85 ns). Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy confirms that the intersystem crossing (ISC) mechanism is spin orbit charge transfer ISC (SOCT-ISC) for all the dyads; for 9-An-NDI, only the 3An state was observed, while for the other two dyads, both 3NDI and 3An states were observed, with their relative population changing with increasing delay time, which supports TTET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10-12, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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9
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Liang H, Tang L, He J, Li J, Chen Z, Cai S, Pang J, Mahmood Z, Chen W, Li MD, Zhao Z, Huo Y, Ji S. Modulating the intersystem crossing mechanism of anthracene carboxyimide-based photosensitizers via structural adjustments and application as a potent photodynamic therapeutic reagent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20901-20912. [PMID: 36047252 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a series of compact anthracene carboxyimide (ACI) based donor-acceptor dyads were prepared by substituting bulky aryl moieties with various electron-donating ability to study the triplet-excited state properties. The ISC mechanism and triplet yield of the dyads were successfully tuned via structural manipulation. Efficient ISC (ΦΔ ≈ 99%) and long-lived triplet state (τT ≈ 122 μs) was observed for the orthogonal anthracene-labeled ACI derivative compared to the Ph-ACI and NP-ACI dyads, which showed fast triplet state decay (τT ≈ 7.7 μs). Femtosecond transient absorption study demonstrated the ultrafast charge separation (CS) and efficient charge recombination (CR) in the orthogonal dyads and ISC occurring via spin-orbit charge transfer (SOCT) mechanism (AN-ACI: τCS = 355 fs, τCR = 2.41 ns; PY-ACI: τCS = 321 fs, τCR = 1.61 ns), while in Ph-ACI and NP-ACI dyads triplet populate following the normal ISC channel (nπ* → ππ* transition), no CS was observed. We found that the attachment of suitable aryl donor moiety (AN- or PY-) to the ACI core can ensure the insertion of the intermediate triplet state, resulting in a small energy gap among charge separated state (CSS) and triplet state, which leads to efficient ISC in these derivatives. The SOCT-ISC-based AN-ACI dyad was confirmed to be a potent photodynamic therapeutic reagent; an ultra-low IC50 value (0.27 nM) that was nearly 214 times lower than that of the commercial Rose Bengal photosensitizer (57.8 nM) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Liting Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaxing He
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China.
| | - Jianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Zeduan Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shuqing Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Junhong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China.
| | - Zafar Mahmood
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Wencheng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China.
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
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10
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Panther LA, Guest DP, McGown A, Emerit H, Tareque RK, Jose A, Dadswell CM, Coles SJ, Tizzard GJ, González‐Méndez R, Goodall CAI, Bagley MC, Spencer J, Greenland BW. Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Core‐Functionalised Naphthalene Diimides by Using a Vibratory Ball Mill: Suzuki, Sonogashira and Buchwald–Hartwig Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201444. [PMID: 35621283 PMCID: PMC9544761 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Solvent‐free synthesis by using a vibratory ball mill (VBM) offers the chance to access new chemical reactivity, whilst reducing solvent waste and minimising reaction times. Herein, we report the core functionalisation of N,N’‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐2,6‐dibromo‐1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid (Br2‐NDI) by using Suzuki, Sonogashira and Buchwald–Hartwig coupling reactions. The products of these reactions are important building blocks in many areas of organic electronics including organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPVCs). The reactions proceed in as little as 1 h, use commercially available palladium sources (frequently Pd(OAc)2) and are tolerant to air and atmospheric moisture. Furthermore, the real‐world potential of this green VBM protocol is demonstrated by the double Suzuki coupling of a monobromo(NDI) residue to a bis(thiophene) pinacol ester. The resulting dimeric NDI species has been demonstrated to behave as an electron acceptor in functioning OPVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A. Panther
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Daniel P. Guest
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Andrew McGown
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Hugo Emerit
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Raysa Khan Tareque
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Arathy Jose
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Chris M. Dadswell
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service Chemistry University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service Chemistry University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ramón González‐Méndez
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Charles A. I. Goodall
- Faculty of Engineering & Science FES Engineering & Science School Operations University of Greenwich Old Royal Naval College Park Row London SE10 9LS UK
| | - Mark C. Bagley
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG UK
| | - Barnaby W. Greenland
- Department of Chemistry School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Arundel Building 305 Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ UK
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11
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García-Moreno I, Postils V, Rebollar E, Ortiz MJ, Agarrabeitia AR, Casanova D. Generation of multiple triplet states in an orthogonal bodipy dimer: a breakthrough spectroscopic and theoretical approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5929-5938. [PMID: 35195637 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05730h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Generation of triplet states in assemblies of organic chromophores is extremely appealing for their potential use in optoelectronic applications. In this work, we investigate the intricacies of triplet state generation in an orthogonal BODIPY dimer by combining delayed photoemission techniques with electronic structure calculations. Our analysis provides a deep understanding of the electronic states involved, and describes different competing deactivation channels beyond prompt radiative decay. In particular, we identify charge-transfer (CT) mediated intersystem crossing (ISC) as the most likely mechanism for the triplet state generation in this system. The different emission bands at long times can be associated with delayed fluorescence, CT emission and phosphorescence from multiple low-energy triplets. Interestingly, the dependence of the yield of triplet state population and emission profiles with the solvent polarity evidences the decisive role of the CT configuration in the fate of the photoactivated dimer, controlling the relative ISC, reverse ISC, and internal conversion efficiencies. Overall, the present results provide a rather complete description of the delayed photophysics in the BODIPY dimer, but are not able to fully rationalize the unexpected photoluminescence recorded at long wavelengths (≥ 900 nm). We hypothesize that the origin of this emission, not present in BODIPY monomers, emerges from intermonomer interactions triggered by intramolecular distortions opening up a new vision in the controverted mechanism driving the photophysical behavior from orthogonally linked organic monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verònica Postils
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak, Kimika eta Teknologia Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Esther Rebollar
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria J Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia R Agarrabeitia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain.
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12
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Imran M, Taddei M, Sukhanov AA, Bussotti L, Ni W, Foggi P, Gurzadyan GG, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Voronkova VK. Radical-Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in Perylene-Oxoverdazyl Radical Dyads. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100912. [PMID: 35191573 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Linking stable radicals to organic chromophores is an effective method to enhance the intersystem crossing (ISC) of chromophores. Herein we prepared perylene-oxoverdazyl dyads either by directly connecting the two units or using an intervening phenyl spacer. We investigated the effect of the radical on the photophysical properties of perylene and observed strong fluorescence quenching due to radical enhanced intersystem crossing (REISC). Compared with a previously reported perylene fused nitroxide radical compound (triplet lifetime = 0.1 µs), these new adducts show a longer-lived triplet excited state (9.5 µs). Based on the singlet oxygen quantum yield (7%), we propose that the radical enhanced internal conversion also plays a role in the relaxation of the excited state. Femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion indicates a fast decay of the excited state (<1.0 ps), suggesting a strong spin-spin exchange interaction between the two units. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectra confirmed direct triplet state population (within 0.5 ps). Interestingly, by fs-TA, we observed the interconversion of the two states (D1/Q1) at ~80 ps time scale. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectral study confirmed the formation of the quartet sate , we observed triplet and quartet states simultaneously with weights of 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. DFT computations showed that the interaction between radical and chromophore is ferromagnetic ( J >0, 0.05~0.10 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, 420029, Russia
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Wenjun Ni
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Paolo Foggi
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, 420029, Russia
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13
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Spin Orbit Coupling in Orthogonal Charge Transfer States: (TD-)DFT of Pyrene-Dimethylaniline. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030891. [PMID: 35164162 PMCID: PMC8839636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformational dependence of the matrix element for spin-orbit coupling and of the electronic coupling for charge separation are determined for an electron donor-acceptor system containing a pyrene acceptor and a dimethylaniline donor. Different kinetic and energetic aspects that play a role in the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) mechanism are discussed. This includes parameters related to initial charge separation and the charge recombination pathways using the Classical Marcus Theory of electron transfer. The spin-orbit coupling, which plays a significant role in charge recombination to the triplet state, can be probed by (TD)-DFT, using the latter as a tool to understand and predict the SOCT-ISC mechanism. The matrix elements for spin-orbit coupling for acetone and 4-thio-thymine are used for benchmarking. (Time Dependent-) Density Functional Theory (DFT and TD-DFT) calculations are applied using the quantum chemical program Amsterdam Density Functional (ADF).
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14
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Lv M, Wang X, Wang D, Li X, Liu Y, Pan H, Zhang S, Xu J, Chen J. Unravelling the role of charge transfer state during ultrafast intersystem crossing in compact organic chromophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25455-25466. [PMID: 34818402 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02912f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
When organic electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) chromophores are linked together, an electron transfer (ET) state can take place. When a short bridge such as one Sigma bond is used to link the donor and the acceptor, complete charge separation is difficult to access and one usually observes an intramolecular charge transfer (CT) state instead. Due to the inevitable coupling between the donor and the acceptor in compact organic chromophores, the most common decay pathway for the CT state is charge recombination, which may lead to a distinct longer wavelength fluorescence emission or non-radiative dissipation of the excited state energy. However, recent studies have shown that unique excited state dynamics can be observed when the CT state is involved during both forward and backward intersystem crossing (ISC) from singlet excited states to triplet excited states in organic chromophores. Analysis of the mechanism for ISC involving the CT state has received much attention over the last decade. In this perspective, we present a collection of molecular design rationales, spectroscopy and theoretical investigations that provide insights into the mechanism of the ISC involving the CT state in compact organic chromophores. We hope that this perspective will prove beneficial for researchers to design novel compact organic chromophores with a predictable ISC property for future biochemical and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Danhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Xiuhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Yangyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Haifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Sanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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15
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Hussain M, El-Zohry AM, Hou Y, Toffoletti A, Zhao J, Barbon A, Mohammed OF. Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing of Compact Naphthalenediimide-Carbazole Electron-Donor-Acceptor Triads. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10813-10831. [PMID: 34542290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compact electron donor-acceptor triads based on carbazole (Cz) and naphthalenediimide (NDI) were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). By variation of the molecular conformation and electron-donating ability of the carbazole moieties, the electronic coupling between the two units was tuned, and as a result charge-transfer (CT) absorption bands with different magnitudes were observed (ε = 4000-18 000 M-1 cm-1). Interestingly, the triads with NDI attached at the 3-C position or with a phenyl spacer at the N position of the Cz moiety, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) was observed. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy indicated fast electron transfer (0.8-1.5 ps) from the Cz to NDI unit, followed by population of the triplet state (150-600 ps). Long-lived triplet states (up to τT = 45-50 μs) were observed for the triads. The solvent-polarity-dependent singlet-oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) is 0-26%. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectral study of TADF molecules indicated the presence of the 3CT state for NDI-Cz-Ph (zero-field-splitting parameter D = 21 G) and an 3LE state for NDI-Ph-Cz (D = 586 G). The triads were used as triplet photosensitizers in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion by excitation into the CT absorption band; the upconversion quantum yield was ΦUC = 8.2%, and there was a large anti-Stokes shift of 0.55 eV. Spatially confined photoexcitation is achieved with the upconversion using focusing laser beam excitation, and not the normally used collimated laser beam, i.e., the upconversion was only observed at the focal point of the laser beam. Photo-driven intermolecular electron transfer was demonstrated with reversible formation of the NDI-• radical anion in the presence of the sacrificial electron donor triethanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushraf Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.,NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ahmed M El-Zohry
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physics - AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Antonio Toffoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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16
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Imran M, Sukhanov AA, Maity P, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Mohammed OF, Voronkova VK. Chromophore Orientation-Dependent Photophysical Properties of Pyrene-Naphthalimide Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Electron Transfer and Intersystem Crossing. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9244-9259. [PMID: 34355560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the effect of mutual orientation of the chromophores in compact electron donor-acceptor dyads on the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), we prepared naphthalimide (NI)-pyrene (Py) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads, in which pyrene acts as an electron donor and NI is an electron acceptor. The connection of the two units is at the 4-C and 3-C positions of the NI unit and the 1-position of the pyrene moiety for dyads NI-Py-1 and NI-Py-2, respectively. A charge transfer absorption band was observed for both dyads in the UV-vis absorption spectra. Upon nanosecond pulsed laser excitation, long-lived triplet states (lifetime is 220 μs) were observed and the triplet state was confined to the pyrene moiety. The ISC efficiency is moderate to high in nonpolar to polar solvents (singlet oxygen quantum yield: ΦΔ = 14-52%). Ultrafast charge separation (ca. 0.81 ps) and charge recombination-induced ISC (∼3.0 ns) were observed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirms the SOCT-ISC mechanism; interestingly, the observed electron spin polarization pattern of the triplet state is chromophore orientation-dependent; and the population rates of the triplet sublevels of NI-Py-1 (Px:Py:Pz = 0.2:0.8:0) are drastically different from those of NI-Py-2 (Px:Py:Pz = 0:0:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Partha Maity
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
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17
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Deckers J, Cardeynaels T, Lutsen L, Champagne B, Maes W. Heavy-Atom-Free Bay-Substituted Perylene Diimide Donor-Acceptor Photosensitizers. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1488-1496. [PMID: 34031956 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Perylene diimide (PDI) dyes are extensively investigated because of their favorable photophysical characteristics for a wide range of organic material applications. Fine-tuning of the optoelectronic properties is readily achieved by functionalization of the electron-deficient PDI scaffold. Here, we present four new donor-acceptor type dyads, wherein the electron donor units - benzo[1,2-b : 4,5-b']dithiophene, 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine, dithieno[3,2-b : 2',3'-d]pyrrole, and triphenylamine-are attached to the bay-positions of the PDI acceptor. Intersystem crossing occurs for these systems upon photoexcitation, without the aid of heavy atoms, resulting in singlet oxygen quantum yields up to 80 % in toluene solution. Furthermore, this feature is retained when the system is directly irradiated with energy corresponding to the intramolecular charge-transfer absorption band (at 639 nm). Geometrical optimization and (time-dependent) density functional theory calculations afford more insights into the requirements for intersystem crossing such as spin-orbit coupling, dihedral angles, the involvement of charge-transfer states, and energy level alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Deckers
- UHasselt-Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Cardeynaels
- UHasselt-Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,UNamur-University of Namur, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LTC), Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lutsen
- IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- UNamur-University of Namur, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LTC), Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- UHasselt-Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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18
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Chen K, Kurganskii IV, Zhang X, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Fedin MV. Intersystem Crossing and Electron Spin Selectivity in Anthracene-Naphthalimide Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads Showing Different Geometry and Electronic Coupling Magnitudes. Chemistry 2021; 27:7572-7587. [PMID: 33780070 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthracene-naphthalimide (An-NI) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared, in which the orientation and distance between the two subunits were varied by direct connection or with intervening phenyl linker. Efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and long triplet state lifetime (ΦΔ =92 %, τT =438 μs) were observed for the directly connected dyads showing a perpendicular geometry (81°). This efficient spin-orbit charge transfer ISC (SOCT-ISC) takes 376 fs, inhibits the direct charge recombination (CR) to ground state (1 CT→S0 , takes 3.04 ns). Interestingly, efficient SOCT-ISC for dyads with intervening phenyl linker (ΦΔ =40 % in DCM) was also observed, although the electron donor and acceptor adopt almost coplanar geometry (dihedral angle: 15°). Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy shows that the electron spin polarization of the triplet state, i. e. the electron spin selectivity of ISC, is highly dependent on the dihedral angle and the linker. For the dyads showing weaker coupling between the donor and acceptors, the charge separation and the intramolecular triplet energy transfer are inhibited at 80 K (frozen solution), because both the 3 An and 3 NI states were observed and the ESP are same as compared to the native anthracene and naphthalimide, which unravel their origin. The dyads were used as triplet photosensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA UC). High UC quantum yield (ΦUC =12.9 %) as well as a large anti-Stokes shift (0.72 eV) was attained by excitation into the CT absorption band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ivan V Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3 A, and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3 A, and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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19
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Rehmat N, Kurganskii IV, Mahmood Z, Guan QL, Zhao J, Xing YH, Gurzadyan GG, Fedin MV. Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Anthracene-Perylenebisimide Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads and Triads and Photochemical Dianion Formation. Chemistry 2021; 27:5521-5535. [PMID: 33400310 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perylenebisimide (PBI)-anthracene (AN) donor-acceptor dyads/triad were prepared to investigate spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). Molecular conformation was controlled by connecting PBI units to the 2- or 9-position of the AN moiety. Steady-state, time-resolved transient absorption and emission spectroscopy revealed that chromophore orientation, electronic coupling, and dihedral angle between donor and acceptor exert a significant effect on the photophysical property. The dyad PBI-9-AN with orthogonal geometry shows weak ground-state coupling and efficient intersystem crossing (ISC, ΦΔ =86 %) as compared with PBI-2-AN (ΦΔ =57 %), which has a more coplanar geometry. By nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, a long-lived PBI localized triplet state was observed (τT =139 μs). Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy demonstrated that the electron spin polarization pattern of the triplet state is sensitive to the geometry and number of AN units attached to PBI. Reversible and stepwise generation of near-IR-absorbing PBI radical anion (PBI-⋅ ) and dianion (PBI2- ) was observed on photoexcitation in the presence of triethanolamine, and it was confirmed that selective photoexcitation at the near-IR absorption bands of PBI.- is unable to produce PBI2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Rehmat
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | | | - Zafar Mahmood
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qing Lin Guan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yong Heng Xing
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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20
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Welsh TA, Matsarskaia O, Schweins R, Draper ER. Electronic and assembly properties of a water-soluble blue naphthalene diimide. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report on the synthesis and characterisation of a water soluble deep blue naphthalene diimide, (iPrNH)2NDI–V.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Matsarskaia
- Institut Laue-Langevin
- Large Scale Structures Group
- F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9
- France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin
- Large Scale Structures Group
- F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9
- France
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21
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Badgurjar D, Seetharaman S, D'Souza F, Chitta R. One-Photon Excitation Followed by a Three-Step Sequential Energy-Energy-Electron Transfer Leading to a Charge-Separated State in a Supramolecular Tetrad Featuring Benzothiazole-Boron-Dipyrromethene-Zinc Porphyrin-C 60. Chemistry 2020; 27:2184-2195. [PMID: 33107661 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A panchromatic triad, consisting of benzothiazole (BTZ) and BF2 -chelated boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) moieties covalently linked to a zinc porphyrin (ZnP) core, has been synthesized and systematically characterized by using 1 H NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, UV-visible, steady-state fluorescence, electrochemical, and femtosecond transient absorption techniques. The absorption band of the triad, BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP, and dyads, BTZ-BODIPY and BODIPY-ZnP, along with the reference compounds BTZ-OMe, BODIPY-OMe, and ZnP-OMe exhibited characteristic bands corresponding to individual chromophores. Electrochemical measurements on BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP exhibited redox behavior similar to that of the reference compounds. Upon selective excitation of BTZ (≈290 nm) in the BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP triad, the fluorescence of the BTZ moiety is quenched, due to photoinduced energy transfer (PEnT) from 1 BTZ* to the BODIPY moiety, followed by quenching of the BODIPY emission due to sequential PEnT from the 1 BODIPY* moiety to ZnP, resulting in the appearance of the ZnP emission, indicating the occurrence of a two-step singlet-singlet energy transfer. Further, a supramolecular tetrad, BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP:ImC60 , was formed by axially coordinating the triad with imidazole-appended fulleropyrrolidine (ImC60 ), and parallel steady-state measurements displayed the diminished emission of ZnP, which clearly indicated the occurrence of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from 1 ZnP* to ImC60 . Finally, femtosecond transient absorption spectral studies provided evidence for the sequential occurrence of PEnT and PET events, namely, 1 BTZ* -BODIPY-ZnP:ImC60 →BTZ-1 BODIPY* -ZnP:ImC60 →BTZ-BODIPY-1 ZnP* :ImC60 →BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP.+ :ImC60 .- in the supramolecular tetrad. The evaluated rate of energy transfer, kEnT , was found to be 3-5×1010 s-1 , which was slightly faster than that observed in the case of BODIPY-ZnP and BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP, lacking the coordinated ImC60 . The rate constants for charge separation and recombination, kCS and kCR , respectively, calculated by monitoring the rise and decay of C60 .- were found to be 5.5×1010 and 4.4×108 s-1 , respectively, for the BODIPY-ZnP:ImC60 triad, and 3.1×1010 and 4.9×108 s-1 , respectively, for the BTZ-BODIPY-ZnP:ImC60 tetrad. Initial excitation of the tetrad, promoting two-step energy transfer and a final electron-transfer event, has been successfully demonstrated in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Badgurjar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Tehsil: Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Raghu Chitta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Tehsil: Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.,Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Hanamkonda, Warangal, 506004, India
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Hu Y, Hou Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhao J. 3,5-Anthryl-Bodipy dyad/triad: Preparation, effect of F-B-F induced conformation restriction on the photophysical properties, and application in triplet-triplet-annihilation upconversion. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224304. [PMID: 33317285 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We prepared a series of compact Bodipy-anthryl electron donor/acceptor triads and dyads by attaching anthryl moieties at the 3-,5-positions of the Bodipy core, with a novel conformation restriction approach, to study the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The conformation restrictions are imposed by the BF2 unit of Bodipy without invoking the previously reported method with 1,7-dimethyl or 1,3-dimethyl groups. Our new approach shows a few advantages, including the stronger electron accepting ability of the methyl-free Bodipy core (reduction potential anodically shifted by +0.3 V vs the methylated Bodipy), red-shifted absorption (by 21 nm), and longer triplet state lifetime (372 µs vs 126 µs). The effects of the different mutual orientations of the electron donor and acceptor on ultraviolet-visible absorption, fluorescence, triplet state quantum yields, and lifetimes were studied. Triads with orthogonal geometries show higher singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ = 37%) than those with more coplanar geometries. Since the non-radiative decay for the S1 state is significant in the parent Bodipy chromophore (ΦF = 6.0%), we propose that in dyads/triads, the charge separation and recombination-induced ISC outcompete the non-radiative decay to the ground state, which is new in the study of SOCT-ISC. Density functional theory computation indicated a shallow torsion potential energy curve as compared to the meso-anthryl-Bodipy dyad analog, which may contribute a low triplet state quantum yield of the new dyads/triads. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion was performed with the electron donor/acceptor dyads as the triplet photosensitizer, with an upconversion quantum yield of 12.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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Lv M, Yu Y, Sandoval‐Salinas ME, Xu J, Lei Z, Casanova D, Yang Y, Chen J. Engineering the Charge‐Transfer State to Facilitate Spin–Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Spirobis[anthracene]diones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Yang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology School of Pharmacy Shanghai 200237 China
| | - María E. Sandoval‐Salinas
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Catalunya Spain
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 China
| | - Zuhai Lei
- School of Pharmacy Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - David Casanova
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Catalunya Spain
- IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science 48011 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| | - Youjun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology School of Pharmacy Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 China
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24
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Engineering the Charge‐Transfer State to Facilitate Spin–Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Spirobis[anthracene]diones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22179-22184. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Hou Y, Liu Q, Zhao J. An exceptionally long-lived triplet state of red light-absorbing compact phenothiazine-styrylBodipy electron donor/acceptor dyads: a better alternative to the heavy atom-effect? Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1721-1724. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09058d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heavy atom-free dyads showing a red light-absorbing and exceptionally long-lived triplet state based on a spin–orbital charge transfer intersystem crossing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266590
- P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
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26
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Küçüköz B, Adinarayana B, Osuka A, Albinsson B. Electron transfer reactions in sub-porphyrin-naphthyldiimide dyads. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16477-16485. [PMID: 31321401 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03725j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of donor-acceptor compounds based on a sub-porphyrin (SubP) as an electron donor and naphthyldiimide (NDI) as an acceptor has been designed, synthesized and investigated by time-resolved emission and transient absorption measurements. The donor and acceptor are separated by a single phenyl spacer substituted by methyl groups in order to systematically vary the electronic coupling. The electron transfer reactions in toluene are found to be quite fast; charge separation is quantitative and occurs within 5-10 ps and charge recombination occurs in 1-10 ns, depending on the substitution pattern. As expected, when steric bulk is introduced on the adjoining phenyl group, electron transfer rates slow down because of smaller electronic coupling. Quantum mechanical modelling of the potential energy for twisting the dihedral angles combined with a simplified model of the electronic coupling semi-quantitatively explains the observed variation of the electron transfer rates. Investigating the temperature variation of the charge separation in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) and analyzing using the Marcus model allow experimental estimation of the electronic coupling and reorganization energies. At low temperature, relatively strong phosphorescence is observed from the donor-acceptor compounds with onset at 660 nm signaling that charge recombination occurs, at least partially, through the sub-porphyrin localized triplet excited state. Finally, it is noted that charge separation in all SubP-NDI dyads is efficient even at cryogenic temperatures (85 K) in 2-MTHF glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Küçüköz
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - B Adinarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Bo Albinsson
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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