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Zhao AX, Zhu YI, Chung E, Lee J, Morais S, Yoon H, Emelianov S. Factors Influencing the Repeated Transient Optical Droplet Vaporization Threshold and Lifetimes of Phase Change, Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2238. [PMID: 37570555 PMCID: PMC10421047 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) are sub-micrometer emulsions composed of a surfactant-encased perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquid and can be formulated to transiently vaporize through optical stimulation. However, the factors governing repeated optical droplet vaporization (ODV) have not been investigated. In this study, we employ high-frame-rate ultrasound (US) to characterize the ODV thresholds of various formulations and imaging parameters and identify those that exhibit low vaporization thresholds and repeatable vaporization. We observe a phenomenon termed "preconditioning", where initial laser pulses generate reduced US contrast that appears linked with an increase in nanodroplet size. Variation in laser pulse repetition frequency is found not to change the vaporization threshold, suggesting that "preconditioning" is not related to residual heat. Surfactants (bovine serum albumin, lipids, and zonyl) impact the vaporization threshold and imaging lifetime, with lipid shells demonstrating the best performance with relatively low thresholds (21.6 ± 3.7 mJ/cm2) and long lifetimes (t1/2 = 104 ± 21.5 pulses at 75 mJ/cm2). Physiological stiffness does not affect the ODV threshold and may enhance nanodroplet stability. Furthermore, PFC critical temperatures are found to correlate with vaporization thresholds. These observations enhance our understanding of ODV behavior and pave the way for improved nanodroplet performance in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew X. Zhao
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Yiying I. Zhu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA (E.C.); (J.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Euisuk Chung
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA (E.C.); (J.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Jeehyun Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA (E.C.); (J.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Samuel Morais
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA (E.C.); (J.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Heechul Yoon
- School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin-si 16890, Republic of Korea;
| | - Stanislav Emelianov
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA (E.C.); (J.L.); (S.M.)
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2
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He X, Yuan Z, Gaeke S, Kao WWY, Li SK, Miller D, Williams B, Park YC. Laser-Activated Drug Implant for Controlled Release to the Posterior Segment of the Eye. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1461-1469. [PMID: 35014495 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To treat chronic posterior eye diseases, frequent intravitreal injections or sustained-release drug implants are the current standard of care. Sustained-release drug implants often involve burst release of the drugs and the dosage from the implants cannot be controlled after implantation, which may lead to local side effects. The present study attempts to develop a dosage-controllable drug delivery implant that consists of a nanoporous biodegradable PLGA capsule and light-activated liposomes. Controllable drug release from the implant was achieved using a pulsed near-infrared (NIR) laser both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro drug release kinetics from two different initial dose implants, 1000 and 500 μg, was analyzed by fitting zero-order and first-order kinetics, as well as the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi models. The 1000 and 500 μg implants fit the first-order and zero-order kinetics model, respectively, the best. The multiple drug releases in the vitreous were determined by an in vivo fluorimeter, which was consistent with the in vitro data. The dose released was also clinically relevant. Histology and optical and ultrasound imaging data showed no abnormality in the eyes received implant treatment, suggesting that the drug delivery system was safe to the retina. This on-demand dose-controllable drug delivery system could be potentially used for long-term posterior eye disease treatment to avoid frequent invasive injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu He
- Department of Chemical & Environment Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Department of Chemical & Environment Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Samantha Gaeke
- Department of Chemical & Environment Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - S Kevin Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 3255 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Daniel Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States.,Cincinnati Eye Institute, 1945 CEI Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242, United States
| | - Basil Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Yoonjee C Park
- Department of Chemical & Environment Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, 2901 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
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3
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Trout CJ, Clapp JA, Griepenburg JC. Plasmonic carriers responsive to pulsed laser irradiation: a review of mechanisms, design, and applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on interactions which govern release from plasmonic carrier systems including liposomes, polymersomes, and nanodroplets under pulsed irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J. Trout
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Camden, 227 Penn Street, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, 101 Warren St., Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Jamie A. Clapp
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Julianne C. Griepenburg
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Camden, 227 Penn Street, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, NJ 08102, USA
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4
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Das S, Lazenby RA, Yuan Z, White RJ, Park YC. Effect of Laser Irradiation on Reversibility and Drug Release of Light-Activatable Drug-Encapsulated Liposomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3573-3582. [PMID: 32188250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have demonstrated repetitive drug release using light-activatable liposomes, inconsistent drug release at each activation limits widespread usage. Here, we report reversible plasmonic material-coated encapsulated liposomes for proportional controlled delivery of methotrexate (MTX), which is a common drug for cancer and autoimmune diseases, using repetitive laser irradiation. Our results suggest a proportional increase in total drug release after repetitive laser irradiation. We hypothesize that the drug is released via "melted" lipid bilayers when the plasmonic materials on the liposome surface are heated by laser irradiation followed by reversible formation of the liposome. To evaluate our hypothesis, the number density of liposomes after laser irradiation was measured using single-particle (liposome) collision experiments at an ultramicroelectrode. Collisional frequency data suggest that the number density of liposomes remains unaltered even after 60 s of laser irradiation at 1.1 and 1.8 W, indicating that the liposome structure is reversible. The results were further compared with gold nanorod-coated nanodroplets where drug is released via irreversible phase transition. In contrast to what was observed with the liposome particles, the number density of the nanodroplets decreased with increasing laser irradiation duration. The structure reversibility of our liposome particles may be responsible for repetitive drug release with laser heating. We also studied the temperature rise in the lipid bilayer by incorporating polymerized 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) in the lipid composition. The red shift in the UV-vis spectrum due to the structural change in PCDA lipids after laser irradiation indicates a rise in temperature above 75 °C, which is also above the chain-melting temperature of the main lipid used in the liposomes. All these results indicate that drug is released from the light-activatable liposomes due to reversible nanostructural alteration in the lipid bilayer by plasmonic resonance heating. The liposomes have potential to be a drug carrier for dose-controlled repetitive drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Das
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Ryan J White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Yoonjee C Park
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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Yuan Z, Demith A, Stoffel R, Zhang Z, Park YC. Light-activated doxorubicin-encapsulated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets for on-demand drug delivery in an in vitro angiogenesis model: Comparison between perfluoropentane and perfluorohexane. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110484. [PMID: 31522023 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phase-transition perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanodroplets have been developed for on-demand drug delivery carriers with external triggers such as ultrasound or laser irradiation techniques. Although various perfluorocarbons, including perfluoropentane (C5F12) and perfluorohexane (C6F14), have been investigated for their theranostic use, comparison of the phase-transition efficiency, the drug delivery efficacy by light activation, and physical properties of the PFC nanodroplets have not been reported. We have synthesized gold nanorod-coated doxorubicin-encapsulated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets using perfluoropentane and perfluorohexane as light-activated on-demand drug delivery carriers, called PF5 and PF6, respectively. When gold nanorods on the perfluorocarbon nanodroplets resonate with a laser wavelength, plasmonic heat generated on the gold nanorods vaporizes the nanodroplets to gas bubbles (phase-transition), and releases the encapsulated drug from the nanodroplet core. Overall, the nanodroplet size, drug encapsulation efficiency, number density, and cytotoxicity were similar between PF5 and PF6. However, the long-term stability against passive phase-transition or coalescence in physiological conditions and the phase-transition efficiency were different from each other. PF6 was better in long-term stability but showed lower phase-transition than PF5. The lower phase-transition of PF6 might have led to lower drug delivery efficiency compared to PF5. This is probably because PF6 has higher temperature thresholds required for phase-transition due to its higher boiling point. The study demonstrated feasibility of the light-activated nanodroplets for on-demand targeted nanotherapy, which suppresses the development of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yuan
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Sciences, USA
| | - Alec Demith
- Medical Sciences Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Stoffel
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Sciences, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Sciences, USA
| | - Yoonjee C Park
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Sciences, USA.
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