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Zelenka J, Pereverzev A, Jahn U, Roithová J. Sulfonyl Nitrene and Amidyl Radical: Structure and Reactivity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104493. [PMID: 35266598 PMCID: PMC9323475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic generation of nitrenes and radicals can be used to tune or even control their reactivity. Photocatalytic activation of sulfonyl azides leads to the elimination of N2 and the resulting reactive species initiate C−H activations and amide formation reactions. Here, we present reactive radicals that are generated from sulfonyl azides: sulfonyl nitrene radical anion, sulfonyl nitrene and sulfonyl amidyl radical, and test their gas phase reactivity in C−H activation reactions. The sulfonyl nitrene radical anion is the least reactive and its reactivity is governed by the proton coupled electron transfer mechanism. In contrast, sulfonyl nitrene and sulfonyl amidyl radicals react via hydrogen atom transfer pathways. These reactivities and detailed characterization of the radicals with vibrational spectroscopy and with DFT calculations provide information necessary for taking control over the reactivity of these intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zelenka
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandr Pereverzev
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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2
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Geng J, Zhang Y, Gao Q, Neumann K, Dong H, Porter H, Potter M, Ren H, Argyle D, Bradley M. Switching on prodrugs using radiotherapy. Nat Chem 2021; 13:805-810. [PMID: 34112990 PMCID: PMC7611443 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a powerful tool in the armoury against cancer, but it is fraught with problems due to its global systemic toxicity. Here we report the proof of concept of a chemistry-based strategy, whereby gamma/X-ray irradiation mediates the activation of a cancer prodrug, thereby enabling simultaneous chemo-radiotherapy with radiotherapy locally activating a prodrug. In an initial demonstration, we show the activation of a fluorescent probe using this approach. Expanding on this, we show how sulfonyl azide- and phenyl azide-caged prodrugs of pazopanib and doxorubicin can be liberated using clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation. This strategy is different to conventional chemo-radiotherapy radiation, where chemo-sensitization of the cancer takes place so that subsequent radiotherapy is more effective. This approach could enable site-directed chemotherapy, rather than systemic chemotherapy, with 'real time' drug decaging at the tumour site. As such, it opens up a new era in targeted and directed chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Geng
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Gao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kevin Neumann
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hua Dong
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hamish Porter
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Potter
- Department of Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hua Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shen Zhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Liu J, Wu Z, Yang Y, Qian W, Wang L, Zeng X. 3-Nitrene-2-formylthiophene and 3-Nitrene-2-formylfuran: Matrix Isolation, Conformation, and Rearrangement Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3786-3794. [PMID: 32309952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Two new heteroarylnitrenes, 3-nitrene-2-formylthiophene (15/15') and 3-nitrene-2-formylfuran (16/16'), in the triplet ground state have been generated in solid Ar (10.0 K) and N2 (15.0 K) matrices by the 266 nm laser photolysis of 3-azido-2-formylthiophene (13) and 3-azido-2-formylfuran (14), respectively. According to the characterization with matrix-isolation IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level, both nitrenes exhibit two conformations depending on the orientation of the formyl groups. Upon subsequent green-light irradiation (532 nm), both the nitrenes 15/15' and 16/16' undergo ring closure to form 3,2-thienoisoxazole (17) and 3,2-furoisoxazole (18), respectively. Traces of 3-imino-4,5-dihydrothiophene-2-ketene (19), formally formed through the intramolecular 1,4-H shift in the corresponding nitrenes 15/15', have been also identified among the laser photolysis products of the azide 13. In sharp contrast to the photochemistry, the high-vacuum flash pyrolysis (HVFP) of the azide 13 at ca. 1000 K mainly yields imino ketene in two conformations 19/19' together with traces of isoxazole 17. In addition to the reversible conformational interconversion in the imino ketene 19 ↔ 19', the photoisomerization from isoxazole 17 to imino ketene 19 has also been observed. The HVFP of the azide 14 at ca. 1000 K results in complete dissociation to HCN, C2H2, CO, CO2, H2O, and N2. Unlike the recently disclosed hydrogen-atom tunneling (HAT) in the transformation from the structurally related 2-formyl phenylnitrene (2) to imino ketene 3 in a cryogenic Ar-matrix, the absence of HAT in nitrenes 15 and 16 can be reasonably explained by the higher barrier heights and also larger barrier widths in the isomerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Weiyu Qian
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Algarra M, Soto J. Insights into the Thermal and Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms of Azidoacetonitrile. Spectroscopic and MS‐CASPT2 Calculations. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1126-1133. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Algarra
- CQM-Centro de Química da MadeiraUniversidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada 9020-105 Funchal Portugal
| | - Juan Soto
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos 29071 Málaga Spain
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Algarra M, Soto J, Pinto da Silva L, Pino-González MS, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Mascetti J, Borget F, Reisi-Vanani A, Luque R. Insights into the Photodecomposition of Azidomethyl Methyl Sulfide: A S 2/S 1 Conical Intersection on Nitrene Potential Energy Surfaces Leading to the Formation of S-Methyl- N-sulfenylmethanimine. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1911-1921. [PMID: 32053376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UV photodecomposition of azidomethyl methyl sulfide (AMMS) yields a transient S-methylthiaziridine which rapidly evolves to S-methyl-N-sulfenylmethanimine at 10 K. This species was detected by infrared matrix isolation spectroscopy. The mechanism of the photoreaction of AMMS has been investigated by a combined approach, using low-temperature matrix isolation FTIR spectroscopy in conjunction with two theoretical methods, namely, complete active space self-consistent field and multiconfigurational second-order perturbation. The key step of the reaction is governed by a S2/S1 conical intersection localized in the neighborhood of the singlet nitrene minimum which is formed in the first reaction step of the photolysis, that is, N2 elimination from AMMS. Full assignment of the observed infrared spectra of AMMS has been carried out based on comparison with density functional theory and second-order perturbation Møller-Plesset methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Algarra
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Juan Soto
- Department Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,LACOMEPHI, GreenUP, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - J Enrique Rodríguez-Borges
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joelle Mascetti
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, University Bordeaux, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Fabien Borget
- Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, Aix Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Adel Reisi-Vanani
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, 87317-51167 Kashan, Iran
| | - Rafael Luque
- Department Organic Chemistry, University Córdoba, Edif. Marie Curie, Ctra N IVa Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.,Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Małecka M, Chęcińska L, Kusz J, Biernacka M, Kupcewicz B. Interactions in flavanone and chalcone derivatives: Hirshfeld surface analysis, energy frameworks and global reactivity descriptors. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 76:212-224. [PMID: 32132278 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines a series of flavanone and chalcone derivatives substituted with electron-withdrawing groups (Cl or Br) and electron-donating groups (OH, CH3 and OCH3), namely, 7-methoxy-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C16H14O3, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C16H14O3, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C17H16O3, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C15H11ClO2, 8-bromo-6-methyl-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one, C16H13BrO2, (2E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, C16H14O3, and (2E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, C15H12O3. It compares the two groups of derivatives with regard to their intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice and lattice energy calculations, together with energy framework visualization and global reactivity descriptors (chemical hardness, chemical potential and electrophilicity index). It also discusses the relationships between different noncovalent interactions derived from Hirshfeld surface analysis, crystal lattice energy and global reactivity descriptors of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Małecka
- Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Lilianna Chęcińska
- Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Joachim Kusz
- Department of Crystal Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Marta Biernacka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Kupcewicz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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