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Rockow S, Bubas AR, Krauel SP, Stevenson BC, Armentrout PB. Thermochemistry of uranium sulfide cations: guided ion beam and theoretical studies of reactions of U + and US + with CS 2 and collision-induced dissociation of US +. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2175595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rockow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amanda R. Bubas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Kafle A, Armentrout PB. Sequential Bond Dissociation Energies of Th +(CO) x, x = 3-6: Guided Ion Beam Collision-Induced Dissociation and Quantum Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15936-15952. [PMID: 36166214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [Th,xC,xO]+, x = 3-6, with Xe is performed using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS). Products are formed exclusively by the loss of CO ligands. Analyses of the kinetic energy-dependent CID product cross sections yield bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of (CO)x-1Th+-CO at 0 K as 1.09 ± 0.05, 0.82 ± 0.07, 0.63 ± 0.05, and 0.70 ± 0.05 eV, respectively. Different structures of [Th,xC,xO]+ were explored using various electronic structure methods, and BDEs for CO ligand loss from precursor [Th,xC,xO]+ complexes were computed. Both experimental and theoretical results corroborate that the structures of [Th,xC,xO]+, x = 3-6, formed experimentally are homoleptic thorium cation carbonyl complexes, Th+(CO)x. The nonmonotonic trend in experimental BDEs is reproduced theoretically, although ambiguities in the spin states of the x = 4-6 complexes (doublet or quartet) remain. BDEs calculated at the coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T))/cc-pVXZ//B3LYP/cc-PVXZ (X = T and Q) level and a complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation agree reasonably well with the experimental values for all complexes. Thorium oxide ketenylidene carbonyl cations, OTh+CCO(CO)y, y = 1-4, were calculated to be the most stable structures of [Th,xC,xO]+, x = 3-6, respectively; however, these are not observed in our experiment. Potential energy profiles (PEPs) having either quartet or doublet spin calculated at the B3LYP/cc-pVQZ level suggest that the failure to observe OTh+CCO(CO)y, y = 1-4, is the result of a barrier corresponding to the C-C bond formation, making the formation of OTh+CCO(CO)y inaccessible kinetically under the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Cox RM, Harouaka K, Citir M, Armentrout PB. Activation of CO 2 by Actinide Cations (Th +, U +, Pu +, and Am +) as Studied by Guided Ion Beam and Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8168-8181. [PMID: 35536874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of CO2 with Th+ have been studied using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS) and with An+ (An+ = Th+, U+, Pu+, and Am+) using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (QQQ-ICP-MS). Additionally, the reactions ThO+ + CO and ThO+ + CO2 were examined using GIBMS. Modeling the kinetic energy-dependent GIBMS data allowed the determination of bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for D0(Th+-O) and D0(OTh+-O) that are in reasonable agreement with previous GIBMS measurements. The QQQ-ICP-MS reactions were studied at higher pressures where multiple collisions between An+ and the neutral CO2 occur. As a consequence, both AnO+ and AnO2+ products were observed for all An+ except Am+, where only AmO+ was observed. The relative abundances of the observed monoxides compared to the dioxides are consistent with previous reports of the AnOn+ (n = 1, 2) BDEs. A comparison of the periodic trends of the group 4 transition metal, lanthanide (Ln), and actinide atomic cations in reactions with CO2 (a formally spin-forbidden reaction for most M+ ground states) and O2 (a spin-unrestricted reaction) indicates that spin conservation plays a minor role, if any, for the heavier Ln+ and An+ metals. Further correlation of Ln+ and An+ + CO2 reaction efficiencies with the promotion energy (Ep) to the first electronic state with two valence d-electrons (Ep(5d2) for Ln+ and Ep(6d2) for An+) indicates that the primary limitation in the activation of CO2 is the energetic cost to promote from the electronic ground state of the atomic metal ion to a reactive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Khadouja Harouaka
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Murat Citir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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Kafle A, Armentrout PB. Experimental and computational investigation of the bond energy of thorium dicarbonyl cation and theoretical elucidation of its isomerization mechanism to the thermodynamically most stable isomer, thorium oxide ketenylidene cation, OTh +CCO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:842-853. [PMID: 34908066 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04263g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [Th,2C,2O]+ with Xe is performed using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS). The only products observed are ThCO+ and Th+ by sequential loss of CO ligands. The experimental findings and theoretical calculations support that the structure of [Th,2C,2O]+ is the bent homoleptic thorium dicarbonyl cation, Th+(CO)2, having quartet spin, which is both thermodynamically and kinetically stable enough in the gas phase to be observed in our GIBMS instrument. Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent cross sections for this CID reaction yields the first experimental determination of the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of (CO)Th+-CO at 0 K as 1.05 ± 0.09 eV. A theoretical BDE calculated at the CCSD(T) level with cc-pVXZ (X = T and Q) basis sets and a complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation is in very good agreement with the experimental result. Although the doublet spin bent thorium oxide ketenylidene cation, OTh+CCO, is calculated to be the most thermodynamically stable structure, it is not observed in our experiment where [Th,2C,2O]+ is formed by association of Th+ and CO in a direct current discharge flow tube (DC/FT) ion source. Potential energy profiles of both quartet and doublet spin are constructed to elucidate the isomerization mechanism of Th+(CO)2 to OTh+CCO. The failure to observe OTh+CCO is attributed to a barrier associated with C-C bond formation, which makes OTh+CCO kinetically inaccessible under our experimental conditions. Chemical bonding patterns in low-lying states of linear and bent Th+(CO)2 and OTh+CCO isomers are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Kafle A, Armentrout PB, Battey SR, Peterson KA. Guided Ion Beam Studies of the Thorium Monocarbonyl Cation Bond Dissociation Energy and Theoretical Unveiling of Different Isomers of [Th,O,C] + and Their Rearrangement Mechanism. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10426-10438. [PMID: 34213318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) of the thorium monocarbonyl cation, ThCO+, with xenon is performed using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The only product observed is Th+ resulting from loss of the CO ligand. Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent cross sections for this CID reaction yields the first experimental determination of the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of Th+-CO at 0 K as 0.94 ± 0.06 eV. Calculated BDEs at the CCSD(T) level of theory with cc-pVXZ (X = T and Q) basis sets and a complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation are in good agreement with the experimental result. The Feller-Peterson-Dixon composite coupled-cluster methodology was also applied on both ThCO+ and ThCO, with contributions up to CCSDT(Q) and a four-component treatment of spin-orbit coupling effects. The final 0 K Th+-CO BDE of 0.94 ± 0.04 eV is in excellent agreement with the current experimental result. The ionization energy of ThCO, as well as the atomization energies and heats of formation for both ThCO and ThCO+, is reported at this same level of theory. Complete potential energy profiles of both quartet and doublet spin are also constructed to elucidate the mechanism for the formation and interconversion of different isomers of [Th,O,C]+. Chemical bonding patterns in low-lying states of ThCO+ and potential energy curves for ThCO+ dissociation are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Samuel R Battey
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Marshall M, Zhu Z, Liu J, Cheng L, Bowen KH. Photoelectron Spectroscopic and ab Initio Computational Studies of the Anion, HThO–. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1903-1909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhaoguo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Junzi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kit H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Shuman NS, Ard SG, Sweeny BC, Viggiano AA, Owen CJ, Armentrout PB. Methane Adducts of Gold Dimer Cations: Thermochemistry and Structure from Collision-Induced Dissociation and Association Kinetics. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3335-3346. [PMID: 32176490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bond dissociation energies at 0 K (BDE) of Au2+-CH4 and Au2CH4+-CH4 have been determined using two separate experimental methods. Analyses of collision-induced dissociation cross sections for Au2CH4+ + Xe and Au2(CH4)2+ + Xe measured using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS) yield BDEs of 0.71 ± 0.05 and 0.57 ± 0.07 eV, respectively. Statistical modeling of association kinetics of Au2(CH4)0-2+ + CH4 + He measured from 200 to 400 K and at 0.3-0.9 Torr using a selected-ion flow tube (SIFT) apparatus yields slightly higher values of 0.81 ± 0.21 and 0.75 ± 0.25 eV. The SIFT data also place a lower limit on the BDE of Au2C2H8+-CH4 of 0.35 eV, likely an activated isomer, not Au2(CH4)2+-CH4. Particular emphasis is placed on determining the uncertainty in the derivation from association kinetics measurements, including uncertainties in collisional energy transfer, calculated harmonic frequencies, and possible contribution of isomerization of the association complexes. This evaluation indicates that an uncertainty of ±0.2 eV should be expected and that an uncertainty of better than ±0.1 eV is unlikely to be reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Brendan C Sweeny
- NRC Postdoc at Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Cameron J Owen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Kafle A, Nwokolo C, Sanchez L, Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation of Hydrated Thorium(IV) Trihydroxide Cation: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Binding Energies for Th(OH)3+(H2O)n Complexes (n = 1–4). J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3090-3100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Chinye Nwokolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Lauren Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Armentrout PB, Peterson KA. Guided Ion Beam and Quantum Chemical Investigation of the Thermochemistry of Thorium Dioxide Cations: Thermodynamic Evidence for Participation of f Orbitals in Bonding. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3118-3131. [PMID: 32083480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic energy dependent reactions of ThO+ with O2 are studied using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The formation of ThO2+ in the reaction of ThO+ with O2 is observed to be slightly endothermic and also exhibits two obvious features in the cross section. These kinetic energy dependent cross sections were modeled to determine a 0 K bond dissociation energy of D0(OTh+-O) = 4.94 ± 0.06 eV. This value is slightly larger but within experimental uncertainty of less precise previously reported experimental values. The higher energy feature in the ThO2+ cross section was also analyzed and suggests formation of an excited state of the product ion lying 3.1 ± 0.2 eV above the ground state. Additionally, the thermochemistry of ThO2+ was explored by quantum chemical calculations, including a full Feller-Peterson-Dixon (FPD) composite approach with correlation contributions up to CCSDT(Q) and four-component spin-orbit corrections, as well as more approximate CCSD(T) calculations including semiempirical estimates of spin-orbit energy contributions. The FPD approach predicts D0(OTh+-O) = 4.87 ± 0.04 eV, in good agreement with the experimental value. Analogous FPD results for ThO+, ThO, and ThO2 are also presented, including ionization energies for both ThO and ThO2. The ThO2+ bond energy is larger than those of its transition metal congeners, TiO2+ and ZrO2+, which can be attributed partially to an actinide contraction, but also to contributions from the participation of f orbitals on thorium that are unavailable to the transition metal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
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