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Yang F, Armentrout PB. Periodic trends in the hydration energies and critical sizes of alkaline earth and transition metal dication water complexes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023:e21830. [PMID: 36644985 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review encompasses guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry studies of hydrated metal dication complexes. Metals include the Group 2 alkaline earths (Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), late first-row transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn), along with Cd. In all cases, threshold collision-induced dissociation experiments are used to quantitatively determine the sequential hydration energies for M2+ (H2 O)x complexes ranging in size from one to 11 water molecules. Periodic trends in these bond dissociation energies are examined and discussed. Values are compared to other experimental results when available. In addition to dissociation by simple water ligand loss, complexes at a select size (which differs from metal to metal) are also observed to undergo charge separation to yield a hydrated metal hydroxide cation and a hydrated proton. This leads to the concept of a critical size, xcrit , and the periodic trends in this value are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Wang B, Ye S, Zhang SY, Fang HL, Zhang YF, Xia CJ, Chen WJ. Reactions of Thorium Oxide Clusters with Water: The Effects of Oxygen Content. Chemphyschem 2022; 24:e202200701. [PMID: 36454657 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Thorium oxide has many important applications in industry. In this article, theoretical calculations have been carried out to explore the hydrolysis reactions of the ThOn (n=1-3) clusters. The reaction mechanisms of the O-deficient ThO and the O-rich ThO3 are compared with the stoichiometric ThO2 . The theoretical results show good agreement with the prior experiments. It is shown that the hydrolysis mainly occurred on the singlet potential surface. The overall reactions consist of two hydrolysis steps which are all favourable in energy. The effects of oxygen content on the hydrolysis are elucidated. Interestingly, among them, the peroxo group O2 2- in ThO3 is converted to the HOO- ligand, behaving like the terminal O2- in the hydrolysis which is transformed into the HO- groups. In addition, natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses were employed to further understand the bonding of the pertinent species and to interpret the differences in hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Shu Ye
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ling Fang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Fan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Chan-Juan Xia
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Hunan Police Academy, Changsha, 410138, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Chen
- Department of Material Chemistry, College of Chemical Engineering and Material, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, P. R. China
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Kafle A, Armentrout PB. Sequential Bond Dissociation Energies of Th +(CO) x, x = 3-6: Guided Ion Beam Collision-Induced Dissociation and Quantum Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15936-15952. [PMID: 36166214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [Th,xC,xO]+, x = 3-6, with Xe is performed using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS). Products are formed exclusively by the loss of CO ligands. Analyses of the kinetic energy-dependent CID product cross sections yield bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of (CO)x-1Th+-CO at 0 K as 1.09 ± 0.05, 0.82 ± 0.07, 0.63 ± 0.05, and 0.70 ± 0.05 eV, respectively. Different structures of [Th,xC,xO]+ were explored using various electronic structure methods, and BDEs for CO ligand loss from precursor [Th,xC,xO]+ complexes were computed. Both experimental and theoretical results corroborate that the structures of [Th,xC,xO]+, x = 3-6, formed experimentally are homoleptic thorium cation carbonyl complexes, Th+(CO)x. The nonmonotonic trend in experimental BDEs is reproduced theoretically, although ambiguities in the spin states of the x = 4-6 complexes (doublet or quartet) remain. BDEs calculated at the coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T))/cc-pVXZ//B3LYP/cc-PVXZ (X = T and Q) level and a complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation agree reasonably well with the experimental values for all complexes. Thorium oxide ketenylidene carbonyl cations, OTh+CCO(CO)y, y = 1-4, were calculated to be the most stable structures of [Th,xC,xO]+, x = 3-6, respectively; however, these are not observed in our experiment. Potential energy profiles (PEPs) having either quartet or doublet spin calculated at the B3LYP/cc-pVQZ level suggest that the failure to observe OTh+CCO(CO)y, y = 1-4, is the result of a barrier corresponding to the C-C bond formation, making the formation of OTh+CCO(CO)y inaccessible kinetically under the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Roy J, Chakraborty P, Paramasivam G, Natarajan G, Pradeep T. Gas phase ion chemistry of titanium-oxofullerene with ligated solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2332-2343. [PMID: 35018393 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04716g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the gas phase fragmentation events of highly symmetric fullerene-like (FN-like) titanium oxo-cluster anions, [H12Ti42O60(OCH3)42(HOCH3)10(H2O)2]2- (1) and [H7Ti42O60(OCH3)42(HOCH3)10(H2O)3]1- (2). These oxo-clusters contain a closed cage Ti42O60 core, protected by a specific number of methoxy, methanol, and water molecules acting as ligands. These dianionic and monoanionic species were generated in the gas phase by electrospray ionization of the H6[Ti42(μ3-O)60(OiPr)42(OH)12] (TOF) cluster in methanol. Collision induced dissociation studies of 1 revealed that upon increasing the collision energy, the protecting ligands were stripped off first, and [Ti41O58]2- was formed as the first fragment from the Ti42O60 core. Thereafter, systematic TiO2 losses were observed giving rise to subsequent fragments like [Ti40O56]2-, [Ti39O54]2-, [Ti38O52]2-, etc. Similar fragments were also observed for monoanionic species 2 as well. Systematic 23 TiO2 losses were observed, which were followed by complete shattering of the cage. We also carried out computational studies using density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the structures and fragmentation mechanism. The fragmentation of TOF was comparable to the fragmentation of C60 ions, where systematic C2 losses were observed. We believe that this is a consequence of topological similarity. The present study provides valuable insights into the structural constitution of TOF clusters and stability of the parent as well as the resulting cage-fragments in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoti Roy
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Papri Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Ganesan Paramasivam
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Ganapati Natarajan
- International Centre for Clean Water (ICCW), IIT Madras Research Park, Taramani, Chennai 6000113, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) & Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Kafle A, Armentrout PB. Experimental and computational investigation of the bond energy of thorium dicarbonyl cation and theoretical elucidation of its isomerization mechanism to the thermodynamically most stable isomer, thorium oxide ketenylidene cation, OTh +CCO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:842-853. [PMID: 34908066 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04263g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [Th,2C,2O]+ with Xe is performed using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS). The only products observed are ThCO+ and Th+ by sequential loss of CO ligands. The experimental findings and theoretical calculations support that the structure of [Th,2C,2O]+ is the bent homoleptic thorium dicarbonyl cation, Th+(CO)2, having quartet spin, which is both thermodynamically and kinetically stable enough in the gas phase to be observed in our GIBMS instrument. Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent cross sections for this CID reaction yields the first experimental determination of the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of (CO)Th+-CO at 0 K as 1.05 ± 0.09 eV. A theoretical BDE calculated at the CCSD(T) level with cc-pVXZ (X = T and Q) basis sets and a complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation is in very good agreement with the experimental result. Although the doublet spin bent thorium oxide ketenylidene cation, OTh+CCO, is calculated to be the most thermodynamically stable structure, it is not observed in our experiment where [Th,2C,2O]+ is formed by association of Th+ and CO in a direct current discharge flow tube (DC/FT) ion source. Potential energy profiles of both quartet and doublet spin are constructed to elucidate the isomerization mechanism of Th+(CO)2 to OTh+CCO. The failure to observe OTh+CCO is attributed to a barrier associated with C-C bond formation, which makes OTh+CCO kinetically inaccessible under our experimental conditions. Chemical bonding patterns in low-lying states of linear and bent Th+(CO)2 and OTh+CCO isomers are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Kafle A, Armentrout PB, Battey SR, Peterson KA. Guided Ion Beam Studies of the Thorium Monocarbonyl Cation Bond Dissociation Energy and Theoretical Unveiling of Different Isomers of [Th,O,C] + and Their Rearrangement Mechanism. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10426-10438. [PMID: 34213318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) of the thorium monocarbonyl cation, ThCO+, with xenon is performed using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The only product observed is Th+ resulting from loss of the CO ligand. Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent cross sections for this CID reaction yields the first experimental determination of the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of Th+-CO at 0 K as 0.94 ± 0.06 eV. Calculated BDEs at the CCSD(T) level of theory with cc-pVXZ (X = T and Q) basis sets and a complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation are in good agreement with the experimental result. The Feller-Peterson-Dixon composite coupled-cluster methodology was also applied on both ThCO+ and ThCO, with contributions up to CCSDT(Q) and a four-component treatment of spin-orbit coupling effects. The final 0 K Th+-CO BDE of 0.94 ± 0.04 eV is in excellent agreement with the current experimental result. The ionization energy of ThCO, as well as the atomization energies and heats of formation for both ThCO and ThCO+, is reported at this same level of theory. Complete potential energy profiles of both quartet and doublet spin are also constructed to elucidate the mechanism for the formation and interconversion of different isomers of [Th,O,C]+. Chemical bonding patterns in low-lying states of ThCO+ and potential energy curves for ThCO+ dissociation are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Samuel R Battey
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Marshall M, Zhu Z, Liu J, Cheng L, Bowen KH. Photoelectron Spectroscopic and ab Initio Computational Studies of the Anion, HThO–. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1903-1909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhaoguo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Junzi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kit H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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