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Chen Z, Wang X, Jia M, He X, Pan H, Chen J. Ribose and Deoxyribose Group Alter Excited-State Dynamics of 5-Azacytosine in Solution. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:291-297. [PMID: 35993879 DOI: 10.1111/php.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
5-Azacytosine (5-AC) is one of the best interesting noncanonical nucleobases due to its functionalization and structural imitation of natural bases. 5-AC can be used as the scaffold of two important chemotherapeutic medicines, 5-azacytidine and 2'-deoxy-5-azacytidine. Furthermore, increased sensitivity to UV leads to the photochemical effects of 5-AC also attracted attention. Yet, no study has been reported to explore the effect of glycosyl groups on the photophysical and photochemical properties of 5-AC, which can help to reveal the photostability of related actual clinic drugs. In this study, the excited-state dynamics of 5-azacytidine and 2'-deoxy-5-azacytidine are studied by femtosecond transient absorption and quantum-chemical calculations while revisiting that of 5-AC with a wider probe spectral range. It is shown that glycosyl substitution on the N1 position leads to ultrafast excited-state relaxation within several picoseconds in both nucleosides, which is distinct compared with the 17 ps lifetime seen in 5-AC. It is proposed that these changes are due to altering the energy level of the dark nπ* state. Moreover, our results suggest that it should be cautioned to simply replace sugar groups with methyl groups when doing a theoretical calculation study on nucleobases and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Huang KY, Xiu LF, Fang XY, Yang MR, Noreldeen HAA, Chen W, Deng HH. Highly Efficient Luminescence from Charge-Transfer Gold Nanoclusters Enabled by Lewis Acid. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9526-9533. [PMID: 36200978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complicated intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) behaviors of nanomaterials is crucial to the development of high-quality nanoluminophores for various applications. However, the ICT process in molecule-like metal nanoclusters has been rarely explored. Herein, a proton binding-induced enhanced ICT state is discovered in 6-aza-2-thiothymine-protected gold nanoclusters (ATT-AuNCs). Such an excited-state electron transfer process gives rise to the weakened and red-shifted photoluminescence of these nanoclusters. By the joint use of this newfound ICT mechanism and a restriction of intramolecular motion (RIM) strategy, a red shift in the emission maxima of 30 nm with 27.5-fold higher fluorescence quantum efficiency is achieved after introducing rare-earth scandium ion (Sc3+) into ATT-AuNCs. Furthermore, it is found that upon the addition of Sc3+, the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) rate from ATT-AuNCs to minocycline is largely accelerated by forming a donor-bridge-acceptor structure. This paper offers a simple method to modulate the luminescent properties of metal nanoclusters for the rational design of next-generation sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yuan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Ling-Fang Xiu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Fang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Ming-Rui Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Hamada A A Noreldeen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Hao-Hua Deng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
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Boulanger SA, Chen C, Tang L, Zhu L, Baleeva NS, Myasnyanko IN, Baranov MS, Fang C. Shedding light on ultrafast ring-twisting pathways of halogenated GFP chromophores from the excited to ground state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14636-14648. [PMID: 34212170 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since green fluorescent protein (GFP) has revolutionized molecular and cellular biology for about three decades, there has been a keen interest in understanding, designing, and controlling the fluorescence properties of GFP chromophore (i.e., HBDI) derivatives from the protein matrix to solution. Amongst these cross-disciplinary efforts, the elucidation of excited-state dynamics of HBDI derivatives holds the key to correlating the light-induced processes and fluorescence quantum yield (FQY). Herein, we implement steady-state electronic spectroscopy, femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA), femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), and quantum calculations to study a series of mono- and dihalogenated HBDI derivatives (X = F, Cl, Br, 2F, 2Cl, and 2Br) in basic aqueous solution, gaining new insights into the photophysical reaction coordinates. In the excited state, the halogenated "floppy" chromophores exhibit an anti-heavy atom effect, reflected by strong correlations between FQY vs. Franck-Condon energy (EFC) or Stokes shift, and knrvs. EFC, as well as a swift bifurcation into the I-ring (major) and P-ring (minor) twisting motions. In the ground state, both ring-twisting motions become more susceptible to sterics and exhibit spectral signatures from the halogen-dependent hot ground-state absorption band decay in TA data. We envision this type of systematic analysis of the halogenated HBDI derivatives to provide guiding principles for the site-specific modification of GFP chromophores, and expand design space for brighter and potentially photoswitchable organic chemical probes in aqueous solution with discernible spectral signatures throughout the photocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Boulanger
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, USA.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, USA.
| | - Longteng Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, USA.
| | - Liangdong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, USA.
| | - Nadezhda S Baleeva
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ivan N Myasnyanko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Baranov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, USA.
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Wang X, Martínez-Fernández L, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Improta R, Kohler B, Xu J, Chen J. Solvent-Dependent Stabilization of a Charge Transfer State is the Key to Ultrafast Triplet State Formation in an Epigenetic DNA Nucleoside. Chemistry 2021; 27:10932-10940. [PMID: 33860588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
2'-Deoxy-5-formylcytidine (5fdCyd), a naturally occurring nucleoside found in mammalian DNA and mitochondrial RNA, exhibits important epigenetic functionality in biological processes. Because it efficiently generates triplet excited states, it is an endogenous photosensitizer capable of damaging DNA, but the intersystem crossing (ISC) mechanism responsible for ultrafast triplet state generation is poorly understood. In this study, time-resolved mid-IR spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations reveal the distinct ultrafast ISC mechanisms of 5fdCyd in water versus acetonitrile. Our experiment indicates that in water, ISC to triplet states occurs within 1 ps after 285 nm excitation. PCM-TD-DFT computations suggest that this ultrafast ISC is mediated by a singlet state with significant cytosine-to-formyl charge-transfer (CT) character. In contrast, ISC in acetonitrile proceeds via a dark 1 nπ* state with a lifetime of ∼3 ps. CT-induced ISC is not favored in acetonitrile because reaching the minimum of the gateway CT state is hampered by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which enforces planarity between the aldehyde group and the aromatic group. Our study provides a comprehensive picture of the non-radiative decay of 5fdCyd in solution and new insights into the factors governing ISC in biomolecules. We propose that the intramolecular CT state observed here is a key to the excited-state dynamics of epigenetic nucleosides with modified exocyclic functional groups, paving the way to study their effects in DNA strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IADCHEM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Roberto Improta
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Bern Kohler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
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