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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Choi J, Makarem M, Lee C, Lee J, Kiemle S, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Tissue-specific directionality of cellulose synthase complex movement inferred from cellulose microfibril polarity in secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22007. [PMID: 38086837 PMCID: PMC10716418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) are nanoscale machines that synthesize and extrude crystalline cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) into the apoplast where CMFs are assembled with other matrix polymers into specific structures. We report the tissue-specific directionality of CSC movements of the xylem and interfascicular fiber walls of Arabidopsis stems, inferred from the polarity of CMFs determined using vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. CMFs in xylems are deposited in an unidirectionally biased pattern with their alignment axes tilted about 25° off the stem axis, while interfascicular fibers are bidirectional and highly aligned along the longitudinal axis of the stem. These structures are compatible with the design of fiber-reinforced composites for tubular conduit and support pillar, respectively, suggesting that during cell development, CSC movement is regulated to produce wall structures optimized for cell-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juseok Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chonghan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah Kiemle
- Materials Characterization Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Lee J, Choi J, Feng L, Yu J, Zheng Y, Zhang Q, Lin YT, Sah S, Gu Y, Zhang S, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Regiospecific Cellulose Orientation and Anisotropic Mechanical Property in Plant Cell Walls. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4759-4770. [PMID: 37704189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) are a major load-bearing component in plant cell walls. Thus, their structures have been studied extensively with spectroscopic and microscopic characterization methods, but the findings from these two approaches were inconsistent, which hampers the mechanistic understanding of cell wall mechanics. Here, we report the regiospecific assembly of CMFs in the periclinal wall of plant epidermal cells. Using sum frequency generation spectroscopic imaging, we found that CMFs are highly aligned in the cell edge region where two cells form a junction, whereas they are mostly isotropic on average throughout the wall thickness in the flat face region of the epidermal cell. This subcellular-level heterogeneity in the CMF alignment provided a new perspective on tissue-level anisotropy in the tensile modulus of cell wall materials. This finding also has resolved a previous contradiction between the spectroscopic and microscopic imaging studies, which paves a foundation for better understanding of the cell wall architecture, especially structure-geometry relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Juseok Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Luyi Feng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Bioengineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jingyi Yu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yen-Ting Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Saroj Sah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Bioengineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Choi J, Lee J, Makarem M, Huang S, Kim SH. Numerical Simulation of Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Intensity for Non-Centrosymmetric Domains Interspersed in an Amorphous Matrix: A Case Study for Cellulose in Plant Cell Wall. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6629-6641. [PMID: 36037433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy can specifically probe molecular species non-centrosymmetrically arranged in a centrosymmetric or isotropic medium. This capability has been extensively utilized to detect and study molecular species present at the two-dimensional (2D) interface at which the centrosymmetry or isotropy of bulk phases is naturally broken. The same principle has been demonstrated to be very effective for the selective detection of non-centrosymmetric crystalline nanodomains interspersed in three-dimensional (3D) amorphous phases. However, the full spectral interpretation of SFG features has been difficult due to the complexity associated with the theoretical calculation of SFG responses of such 3D systems. This paper describes a numerical method to predict the relative SFG intensities of non-centrosymmetric nanodomains in 3D systems as functions of their size and concentration as well as their assembly patterns, i.e., the distributions of tilt, azimuth, and rotation angles with respect to the lab coordinate. We applied the developed method to predict changes in the CH and OH stretch modes characteristic to crystalline cellulose microfibrils distributed with various orders, which are relevant to plant cell wall structures. The same algorithm can also be applied to any SFG-active nanodomains interspersed in 3D amorphous matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juseok Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shixin Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Nicolas WJ, Fäßler F, Dutka P, Schur FKM, Jensen G, Meyerowitz E. Cryo-electron tomography of the onion cell wall shows bimodally oriented cellulose fibers and reticulated homogalacturonan networks. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2375-2389.e6. [PMID: 35508170 PMCID: PMC9240970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
One hallmark of plant cells is their cell wall. They protect cells against the environment and high turgor and mediate morphogenesis through the dynamics of their mechanical and chemical properties. The walls are a complex polysaccharidic structure. Although their biochemical composition is well known, how the different components organize in the volume of the cell wall and interact with each other is not well understood and yet is key to the wall's mechanical properties. To investigate the ultrastructure of the plant cell wall, we imaged the walls of onion (Allium cepa) bulbs in a near-native state via cryo-focused ion beam milling (cryo-FIB milling) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). This allowed the high-resolution visualization of cellulose fibers in situ. We reveal the coexistence of dense fiber fields bathed in a reticulated matrix we termed "meshing," which is more abundant at the inner surface of the cell wall. The fibers adopted a regular bimodal angular distribution at all depths in the cell wall and bundled according to their orientation, creating layers within the cell wall. Concomitantly, employing homogalacturonan (HG)-specific enzymatic digestion, we observed changes in the meshing, suggesting that it is-at least in part-composed of HG pectins. We propose the following model for the construction of the abaxial epidermal primary cell wall: the cell deposits successive layers of cellulose fibers at -45° and +45° relative to the cell's long axis and secretes the surrounding HG-rich meshing proximal to the plasma membrane, which then migrates to more distal regions of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Nicolas
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Florian Fäßler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Przemysław Dutka
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Florian K M Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Grant Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Elliot Meyerowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Combining computational and experimental studies for a better understanding of cellulose and its analogs. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2021; 80:1-14. [PMID: 34872654 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the structural refinement of cellulose allomorphs and their analogs has been advanced using high-resolution fiber diffraction. This also includes structures of crystals complexed with small molecules, which can inherently involve disorders. Computational methods, including density functional theory, in combination with molecular modeling are leading to improved structural analyses. Spectroscopic techniques such as vibrational spectroscopy give quantitative and robust data directly related to structural insights on cellulose. These data will benefit from improved molecular modeling's capacity for interpretation and will also serve as a gauge to measure the capacity of molecular modeling as an aid in structural determinations. Improvement in the capacity to directly simulate experimental data such as that from scattering, diffraction, and spectra will be the key for further integration of modeling and experimental approaches.
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Guo W, Zou X, Jiang H, Koebke KJ, Hoarau M, Crisci R, Lu T, Wei T, Marsh ENG, Chen Z. Molecular Structure of the Surface-Immobilized Super Uranyl Binding Protein. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7706-7716. [PMID: 34254804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a super uranyl binding protein (SUP) was developed, which exhibits excellent sensitivity/selectivity to bind uranyl ions. It can be immobilized onto a surface in sensing devices to detect uranyl ions. Here, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was applied to probe the interfacial structures of surface-immobilized SUP. The collected SFG spectra were compared to the calculated orientation-dependent SUP SFG spectra using a one-excitonic Hamiltonian approach based on the SUP crystal structures to deduce the most likely surface-immobilized SUP orientation(s). Furthermore, discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) simulation was applied to refine the surface-immobilized SUP conformations and orientations. The immobilized SUP structures calculated from DMD simulations confirmed the SUP orientations obtained from SFG data analyzed based on the crystal structures and were then used for a new round of SFG orientation analysis to more accurately determine the interfacial orientations and conformations of immobilized SUP before and after uranyl ion binding, providing an in-depth understanding of molecular interactions between SUP and the surface and the effect of uranyl ion binding on the SUP interfacial structures. We believe that the developed method of combining SFG measurements, DMD simulation, and Hamiltonian data analysis approach is widely applicable to study biomolecules at solid/liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xingquan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Karl J Koebke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Marie Hoarau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ralph Crisci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tieyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Howard University, 2366 Sixth Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Shear-induced unidirectional deposition of bacterial cellulose microfibrils using rising bubble stream cultivation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 255:117328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Meddeb AB, Chae I, Scurti F, Schwartz J, Kim SH, Ounaies Z. From a cholesteric non-aqueous cellulose nanocrystal suspension to a highly ordered film. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2020.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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