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Emerson M, Ivanov AS, Gallington LC, Maltsev DS, Halstenberg P, Dai S, Roy S, Bryantsev VS, Margulis CJ. Heterogeneous Structure, Mechanisms of Counterion Exchange, and the Spacer Salt Effect in Complex Molten Salt Mixtures Including LaCl 3. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3972-3980. [PMID: 38624173 PMCID: PMC11056984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Complex molten chloride salt mixtures of uranium, magnesium, and sodium are top candidates for promising nuclear energy technologies to produce electricity based on molten salt reactors. From a local structural perspective, LaCl3 is similar to UCl3 and hence a good proxy to study these complex salt mixtures. As fission products, lanthanide salts and their mixtures are also very important in their own right. This article describes from an experimental and theory perspective how very different the structural roles of MgCl2 and NaCl are in mixtures with LaCl3. We find that, whereas MgCl2 becomes an integral part of multivalent ionic networks, NaCl separates them. In a recent article (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 21751-21762) we have called the disruptive behavior of NaCl "the spacer salt effect". Because of the heterogeneous nature of these salt mixtures, there are multiple structural motifs in the melt, each with its particular free energetics. Our work identifies and quantifies these; it also elucidates the mechanisms through which Cl- ions exchange between Mg2+-rich and La3+-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
S. Emerson
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexander S. Ivanov
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | - Dmitry S. Maltsev
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Phillip Halstenberg
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Santanu Roy
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bryantsev
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Claudio J. Margulis
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Moon J, Myhre K, Andrews H, McFarlane J. Molybdenum-99 from Molten Salt Reactor as a Source of Technetium-99 m for Nuclear Medicine: Past, Current and Future of Molybdenum-99. NUCL TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2022.2158666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jisue Moon
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Radioisotope Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Kristian Myhre
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Radioisotope Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Hunter Andrews
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Radioisotope Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Joanna McFarlane
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Nuclear Energy and Fuel Cycle Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
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Galashev AY, Rakhmanova OR, Abramova KA, Katin KP, Maslov MM, Tkacheva OY, Rudenko AV, Kataev AA, Zaikov YP. Molecular Dynamics and Experimental Study of the Effect of CeF 3 and NdF 3 Additives on the Physical Properties of FLiNaK. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1197-1208. [PMID: 36696698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the results, which are consistent within 2%, obtained both in the simulation of molecular dynamics and in the experiment on the study of the kinetic properties of molten FLiNaK with addition of lanthanide fluorides. The parameters of the Born-Huggins-Meier potential for the interaction of CeF3 or NdF3 with FLiNaK components are first calculated using the ab initio approach. The enthalpy of the system with dissolved CeF3 or NdF3 calculated in the model increases by ∼4.4% over the entire temperature range studied (800 ≤ T ≤ 1020 K). The self-diffusion coefficients of the molten salt components are calculated from the Einstein relation and also estimated from the shear viscosity data. The temperature dependences of the shear viscosity of molten FLiNaK as well as FLiNaK with additions of 15 mol % CeF3 or NdF3 are determined experimentally and by calculation. In addition, the dependence of shear viscosity on the concentration of CeF3 and NdF3 in FLiNaK is measured and calculated. The linear growth of the shear viscosity with the CeF3 and NdF3 concentrations is obtained. Experimental dependence is in good agreement with the simulated results in the case of NdF3, and there is the discrepancy while CeF3 addition. An analytical approximation of the temperature and concentration dependences for the viscosity of molten FliNaK and for the calculated self-diffusion coefficients of constituent elements is proposed. Linear approximation of temperature dependence of the self-diffusion coefficients of similar components in the corresponding extended systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Galashev
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 20, Yekaterinburg620990, Russia
| | - O R Rakhmanova
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 20, Yekaterinburg620990, Russia
| | - K A Abramova
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 20, Yekaterinburg620990, Russia
| | - K P Katin
- National Research Nuclear University MIPhI, Moscow115409Russia
| | - M M Maslov
- National Research Nuclear University MIPhI, Moscow115409Russia
| | - O Y Tkacheva
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 20, Yekaterinburg620990, Russia
| | - A V Rudenko
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 20, Yekaterinburg620990, Russia
| | - A A Kataev
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 20, Yekaterinburg620990, Russia
| | - Y P Zaikov
- Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Street, 20, Yekaterinburg620990, Russia
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Wang S, Tan Z, Sun L, Xiao S, Hu W, Deng H. Molecular dynamic study of the local structure and transport properties of LiF-NaF molten salt. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liang W, Lu G, Yu J. Machine Learning Accelerates Molten Salt Simulations: Thermal Conductivity of MgCl
2
‐NaCl Eutectic. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Liang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resource East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Guimin Lu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resource East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jianguo Yu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resource East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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Roy S, Liu Y, Topsakal M, Dias E, Gakhar R, Phillips WC, Wishart JF, Leshchev D, Halstenberg P, Dai S, Gill SK, Frenkel AI, Bryantsev VS. A Holistic Approach for Elucidating Local Structure, Dynamics, and Speciation in Molten Salts with High Structural Disorder. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15298-15308. [PMID: 34499512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To examine ion solvation, exchange, and speciation for minority components in molten salts (MS) typically found as corrosion products, we propose a multimodal approach combining extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, and rate theory of ion exchange. Going beyond conventional EXAFS analysis, our method can accurately quantify populations of different coordination states of ions with highly disordered coordination environments via linear combination fitting of the EXAFS spectra of these coordination states computed from AIMD to the experimental EXAFS spectrum. In a case study of dilute Ni(II) dissolved in the ZnCl2+KCl melts, our method reveals heterogeneous distributions of coordination states of Ni(II) that are sensitive to variations in temperature and melt composition. These results are fully explained by the difference in the chloride exchange dynamics at varied temperatures and melt compositions. This insight will enable a better understanding and control of ion solubility and transport in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Roy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mehmet Topsakal
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Elaine Dias
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ruchi Gakhar
- Pyrochemistry and Molten Salt Systems Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - William C Phillips
- Pyrochemistry and Molten Salt Systems Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - James F Wishart
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Denis Leshchev
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Phillip Halstenberg
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Simerjeet K Gill
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Vyacheslav S Bryantsev
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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