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Wu Y, Salamat CZ, León Ruiz A, Simafranca AF, Akmanşen-Kalayci N, Wu EC, Doud E, Mehmedović Z, Lindemuth JR, Phan MD, Spokoyny AM, Schwartz BJ, Tolbert SH. Using Bulky Dodecaborane-Based Dopants to Produce Mobile Charge Carriers in Amorphous Semiconducting Polymers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:5552-5562. [PMID: 38883433 PMCID: PMC11171275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are a versatile class of electronic materials featured in a variety of next-generation electronic devices. The utility of such polymers is contingent in large part on their electrical conductivity, which depends both on the density of charge carriers (polarons) and on the carrier mobility. Carrier mobility, in turn, is largely controlled by the separation between the polarons and dopant counterions, as counterions can produce Coulombic traps. In previous work, we showed that large dopants based on dodecaborane (DDB) clusters were able to reduce Coulombic binding and thus increase carrier mobility in regioregular (RR) poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). Here, we use a DDB-based dopant to study the effects of polaron-counterion separation in chemically doped regiorandom (RRa) P3HT, which is highly amorphous. X-ray scattering shows that the DDB dopants, despite their large size, can partially order the RRa P3HT during doping and produce a doped polymer crystal structure similar to that of DDB-doped RR P3HT; Alternating Field (AC) Hall measurements also confirm a similar hole mobility. We also show that use of the large DDB dopants successfully reduces Coulombic binding of polarons and counterions in amorphous polymer regions, resulting in a 77% doping efficiency in RRa P3HT films. The DDB dopants are able to produce RRa P3HT films with a 4.92 S/cm conductivity, a value that is ∼200× higher than that achieved with 3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), the traditional dopant molecule. These results show that tailoring dopants to produce mobile carriers in both the amorphous and semicrystalline regions of conjugated polymers is an effective strategy for increasing achievable polymer conductivities, particularly in low-cost polymers with random regiochemistry. The results also emphasize the importance of dopant size and shape for producing Coulombically unbound, mobile polarons capable of electrical conduction in less-ordered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Charlene Z Salamat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Alex León Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Alexander F Simafranca
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Nesibe Akmanşen-Kalayci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Eric C Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Evan Doud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Zerina Mehmedović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | | | - Minh D Phan
- Center for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Sarah H Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
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2
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Wu L, Luo H, Xu J, Yu L, Xiong J, Liu Y, Huang X, Zou X. Vital role of CYP450 in the biodegradation of antidiabetic drugs in the aerobic activated sludge system and the mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134056. [PMID: 38522208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The extensive use of antidiabetic drugs (ADDs) and their detection in high concentrations in the environment have been extensively documented. However, the mechanism of ADDs dissipation in aquatic environments is still not well understood. This study thoroughly investigates the dissipation behavior of ADDs and the underlying mechanisms in the aerobic activated sludge system. The results indicate that the removal efficiencies of ADDs range from 3.98% to 100% within 48 h, largely due to the biodegradation process. Additionally, the gene expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is shown to be significantly upregulated in most ADDs-polluted samples (P < 0.05), indicating the vital role of CYP450 enzymes in the biodegradation of ADDs. Enzyme inhibition experiments validated this hypothesis. Moreover, molecular docking and simulation results indicate that a strong correlation between the biodegradation of ADDs and the interactions between ADDs and CYP450 (Ebinding). The differences in dissipation behavior among the tested ADDs are possibly due to their electrophilic characteristics. Overall, this study makes the initial contribution to a more profound comprehension of the crucial function of CYP450 enzymes in the dissipation behavior of ADDs in a typical aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligui Wu
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao Luo
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling Yu
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Jiangtao Xiong
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Xiangfeng Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaoming Zou
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China.
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3
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Day EC, Chittari SS, Bogen MP, Knight AS. Navigating the Expansive Landscapes of Soft Materials: A User Guide for High-Throughput Workflows. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:406-427. [PMID: 38107416 PMCID: PMC10722570 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are highly customizable with tailored structures and functionality, yet this versatility generates challenges in the design of advanced materials due to the size and complexity of the design space. Thus, exploration and optimization of polymer properties using combinatorial libraries has become increasingly common, which requires careful selection of synthetic strategies, characterization techniques, and rapid processing workflows to obtain fundamental principles from these large data sets. Herein, we provide guidelines for strategic design of macromolecule libraries and workflows to efficiently navigate these high-dimensional design spaces. We describe synthetic methods for multiple library sizes and structures as well as characterization methods to rapidly generate data sets, including tools that can be adapted from biological workflows. We further highlight relevant insights from statistics and machine learning to aid in data featurization, representation, and analysis. This Perspective acts as a "user guide" for researchers interested in leveraging high-throughput screening toward the design of multifunctional polymers and predictive modeling of structure-property relationships in soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew P. Bogen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abigail S. Knight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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4
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Huang G, Guo Y, Chen Y, Nie Z. Application of Machine Learning in Material Synthesis and Property Prediction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5977. [PMID: 37687675 PMCID: PMC10488794 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Material innovation plays a very important role in technological progress and industrial development. Traditional experimental exploration and numerical simulation often require considerable time and resources. A new approach is urgently needed to accelerate the discovery and exploration of new materials. Machine learning can greatly reduce computational costs, shorten the development cycle, and improve computational accuracy. It has become one of the most promising research approaches in the process of novel material screening and material property prediction. In recent years, machine learning has been widely used in many fields of research, such as superconductivity, thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, catalysis, and high-entropy alloys. In this review, the basic principles of machine learning are briefly outlined. Several commonly used algorithms in machine learning models and their primary applications are then introduced. The research progress of machine learning in predicting material properties and guiding material synthesis is discussed. Finally, a future outlook on machine learning in the materials science field is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhengwei Nie
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (G.H.); (Y.G.); (Y.C.)
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Yuan Y, Ren J, Xue H, Li J, Tang F, La P, Lu X. Insight into the Electronic Properties of Semiconductor Heterostructure Based on Machine Learning and First-Principles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12462-12472. [PMID: 36827435 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A first-principles approach is a powerful means of gaining insight into the intrinsic structure and properties of materials. However, with the implementation of material genetic engineering, it is still a challenging road to discover materials with high satisfaction. One alternative is to employ machine-learning techniques to mine data and predict performance. In this present contribution, the method is taken to predict the band gap opening value of graphene in a heterostructure. First, the data of 2076 binary compounds in the Materials Project library are used to achieve visual dimensionality reduction of the data set through a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) algorithm in unsupervised learning. Then, a series of semiconductor components are screened out and form heterostructures with graphene. Second, by means of the ensemble learning EXtreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost) algorithm and support vector machine (SVM) technology, two prediction frameworks are built to predict the band gap opening value of the graphene in the system. Finally, density functional theory (DFT) is used to calculate the energy band and density of states for comparison. Analysis shows that the prediction model has an accuracy rate of 88.3%, and there is little difference between prediction results and calculation results. We anticipate that this framework model would have fascinating applications in predicting the electronic properties of various multiphase materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metal, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Junqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metal, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Hongtao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metal, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Junchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metal, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Fuling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metal, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Peiqing La
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metal, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metal, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
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6
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Xie S. Perspectives on development of biomedical polymer materials in artificial intelligence age. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1355-1375. [PMID: 36629787 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231151822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer materials are widely used in biomedicine, chemistry and material science, whose traditional preparations are mainly based on experience, intuition and conceptual insight, having been applied to the development of many new materials, but facing great challenges due to the vast design space for biomedical polymers. So far, the best way to solve these problems is to accelerate material design through artificial intelligence, especially machine learning. Herein, this paper will introduce several successful cases, and analyze the latest progress of machine learning in the field of biomedical polymers, then discuss the opportunities of this novel method. In particular, this paper summarizes the material database, open-source determination tools, molecular generation methods and machine learning models that have been used for biopolymer synthesis and property prediction. Overall, machine learning could be more effectively deployed on the material design of biomedical polymers, and it is expected to become an extensive driving force to meet the huge demand for customized designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Xie
- 2281The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Xu P, Chang D, Lu T, Li L, Li M, Lu W. Search for ABO 3 Type Ferroelectric Perovskites with Targeted Multi-Properties by Machine Learning Strategies. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5038-5049. [PMID: 34375112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ferroelectric perovskites are one of the most promising functional materials due to the pyroelectric and piezoelectric effect. In the practical applications of ferroelectric perovskites, it is often necessary to meet the requirements of multiple properties. In this work, a multiproperties machine learning strategy was proposed to accelerate the discovery and design of new ferroelectric ABO3-type perovskites. First, a classification model was constructed with data collected from publications to distinguish ferroelectric and nonferroelectric perovskites. The classification accuracies of LOOCV and the test set are 87.29% and 86.21%, respectively. Then, two machine learning strategies, Machine-Learning Workflow and SISSO, were used to construct the regression models to predict the specific surface area (SSA), band gap (Eg), Curie temperature (Tc), and dielectric loss (tan δ) of ABO3-type perovskites. The correlation coefficients of LOOCV in the optimal models for SSA, Eg, and Tc are 0.935, 0.891, and 0.971, respectively, while the correlation coefficient of the predicted and experimental values of the SISSO model for tan δ prediction could reach 0.913. On the basis of the models, 20 ABO3 ferroelectric perovskites with three different application prospects were screened out with the required properties, which could be explained by the patterns between the important descriptors and the properties by using SHAP. Furthermore, the constructed models were developed into web servers for the researchers to accelerate the rational design and discovery of ABO3 ferroelectric perovskites with desired multiple properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, and Shanghai Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongping Chang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, and Shanghai Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tian Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, and Shanghai Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Minjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wencong Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, and Shanghai Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai 200444, China.,Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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8
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Goh KL, Goto A, Lu Y. LGB-Stack: Stacked Generalization with LightGBM for Highly Accurate Predictions of Polymer Bandgap. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29787-29793. [PMID: 36061712 PMCID: PMC9434625 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the Ramprasad group reported a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model for predicting the E gap values of 4209 polymers, which yielded a test set R 2 score of 0.90 and a test set root-mean-square error (RMSE) score of 0.44 at a train/test split ratio of 80/20. In this paper, we present a new QSPR model named LGB-Stack, which performs a two-level stacked generalization using the light gradient boosting machine. At level 1, multiple weak models are trained, and at level 2, they are combined into a strong final model. Four molecular fingerprints were generated from the simplified molecular input line entry system notations of the polymers. They were trimmed using recursive feature elimination and used as the initial input features for training the weak models. The output predictions of the weak models were used as the new input features for training the final model, which completes the LGB-Stack model training process. Our results show that the best test set R 2 and the RMSE scores of LGB-Stack at the train/test split ratio of 80/20 were 0.92 and 0.41, respectively. The accuracy scores further improved to 0.94 and 0.34, respectively, when the train/test split ratio of 95/5 was used.
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9
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Xu P, Chen C, Chen S, Lu W, Qian Q, Zeng Y. Machine Learning-Assisted Design of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings with High Bonding Strength. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21052-21061. [PMID: 35755382 PMCID: PMC9219529 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a high-quality thermal barrier coating material, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) can effectively reduce the temperature of the collective materials to be used on the surface of gas turbine hot-end components. The bonding strength between YSZ and the substrate is also one of the most important factors for the applications. Herein, the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and support vector regression (SVR) were used to construct a machine learning model between YSZ coating bonding strength and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process parameters. First, GMM was used to expand the original 8 data points to 400 with the R value of leave-one-out cross-validation improved from 0.690 to 0.990. Then, the specific effects of APS process parameters were explored through Shapley additive explanations and sensitivity analysis. Principal component analysis was used to explain the constructed model and obtain the optimized area with a high bonding strength. After experimental validation, the results showed that under the APS process parameters of a current of 617 A, a voltage of 65 V, a H2 flow of 3 L min-1, and a thickness of 200 μm, the bonding strength increased by more than 19% to 55.5 MPa compared with the original maximum value of 46.6 MPa, indicating that the constructed GMM-SVR model can accurately predict the bonding strength of YSZ coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xu
- Materials
Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Can Chen
- The
State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Micro-structure,
Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shuizhou Chen
- School
of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wencong Lu
- Materials
Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Quan Qian
- School
of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- The
State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Micro-structure,
Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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10
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Pugar JA, Gang C, Huang C, Haider KW, Washburn NR. Predicting Young's Modulus of Linear Polyurethane and Polyurethane-Polyurea Elastomers: Bridging Length Scales with Physicochemical Modeling and Machine Learning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16568-16581. [PMID: 35353501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the properties of complex polymeric materials based on monomer chemistry requires modeling physical interactions that bridge molecular, interchain, microstructure, and bulk length scales. For polyurethanes, a polymer class with global commercial and industrial significance, these multiscale challenges are intrinsic due to the thermodynamic incompatibility of the urethane and polyol-rich domains, resulting in heterogeneities from molecular to microstructural length scales. Machine learning can model patterns in data to establish a relationship between the monomer chemistry and bulk material properties, but this is made difficult by small data sets and a diverse set of monomers. Using a data set of 63 industrially relevant and complex elastomers, we demonstrate that accurate machine learning predictions are possible when monomer chemistry is used to estimate interactions at interchain length scales. Here, these features were used to accurately (r2 = 0.91) predict the Young's modulus of polyurethane and polyurethane-urea elastomers. Furthermore, by a query of the trained model for compositions that yield a target modulus within the range of accessible values, the capabilities of using this methodology as a design tool are demonstrated. The presented methodology could become increasingly useful in building models for materials with small data sets and may guide the interpretation of the underlying physicochemical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Pugar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Calvin Gang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Christine Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Karl W Haider
- Covestro LLC, 1 Covestro Circle, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15205, United States
| | - Newell R Washburn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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11
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Xu P, Chen H, Li M, Lu W. New Opportunity: Machine Learning for Polymer Materials Design and Discovery. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xu
- Materials Genome Institute Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Department of Mathematics College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Minjie Li
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Wencong Lu
- Materials Genome Institute Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
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