1
|
Yamada M. Perspectives on push-pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:125-154. [PMID: 38292046 PMCID: PMC10825803 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Various push-pull chromophores can be synthesized in a single and atom-economical step through [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) reactions involving diverse electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes. In this review, a comprehensive investigation of the recent and noteworthy advancements in the research on push-pull chromophores prepared via the [2 + 2] CA-RE reaction is conducted. In particular, an overview of the physicochemical properties of the family of these compounds that have been investigated is provided to clarify their potential for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mendis KC, Li X, Valdiviezo J, Banziger SD, Zhang P, Ren T, Beratan DN, Rubtsov IV. Electron transfer rate modulation with mid-IR in butadiyne-bridged donor-bridge-acceptor compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1819-1828. [PMID: 38168814 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Controlling electron transfer (ET) processes in donor-bridge-acceptor (DBA) compounds by mid-IR excitation can enhance our understanding of the ET dynamics and may find practical applications in molecular sensing and molecular-scale electronics. Alkyne moieties are attractive to serve as ET bridges, as they offer the possibility of fast ET and present convenient vibrational modes to perturb the ET dynamics. Yet, these bridges introduce complexity because of the strong torsion angle dependence of the ET rates and transition dipoles among electronic states and a shallow torsion barrier. In this study, we implemented ultrafast 3-pulse laser spectroscopy to investigate how the ET from the dimethyl aniline (D) electron donor to the N-isopropyl-1,8-napthalimide (NAP) electron acceptor can be altered by exciting the CC stretching mode (νCC) of the butadiyne bridge linking the donor and acceptor. The electron transfer was initiated by electronically exciting the acceptor moiety at 400 nm, followed by vibrational excitation of the alkyne, νCC, and detecting the changes in the absorption spectrum in the visible spectral region. The experiments were performed at different delay times t1 and t2, which are the delays between UV-mid-IR and mid-IR-Vis pulses, respectively. Two sets of torsion-angle conformers were identified, one featuring a very fast mean ET time of 0.63 ps (group A) and another featuring a slower mean ET time of 4.3 ps (group B), in the absence of the mid-IR excitation. TD-DFT calculations were performed to determine key torsion angle dependent molecular parameters, including the electronic and vibrational transition dipoles, transition frequencies, and electronic couplings. To describe the 3-pulse data, we developed a kinetic model that includes a locally excited, acceptor-based S2 state, a charge separated S1 state, and their vibrationally excited counterparts, with either excited νCC (denoted as S1Atr, S1Btr, S2Atr, and S2Btr, where tr stands for the excited triplet bond, νCC) or excited daughter modes of the νCC relaxation (S1Ah, S1Bh, S2Ah, and S2Bh, where h stands for vibrationally hot species). The kinetic model was solved analytically, and the species-associated spectra (SAS) were determined numerically using a matrix approach, treating first the experiments with longer t1 delays and then using the already determined SAS for modeling the experiments with shorter t1 delays. Strong vibronic coupling of νCC and of vibrationally hot states makes the analysis complicated. Nevertheless, the SAS were identified and the ET rates of the vibrationally excited species, S2Atr, S2Btr and S2Bh, were determined. The results show that the ET rate for the S2A species is ca. 1.2-fold slower when the νCC mode is excited. The ET rate for species S2B is slower by ca. 1.3-fold if the compound is vibrationally hot and is essentially unchanged when the νCC mode is excited. The SAS determined for the tr and h species resemble the SAS for their respective precursor species in the 2-pulse transient absorption experiments, which validates the procedure used and the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasun C Mendis
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Jesús Valdiviezo
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Susannah D Banziger
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - David N Beratan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Igor V Rubtsov
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tian Z, Li H, Liu Z, Yang L, Zhang C, He J, Ai W, Liu Y. Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy by Improved Light Energy Capture Efficiency of Porphyrin Photosensitizers. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1274-1292. [PMID: 37407889 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has garnered increasing attention in cancer treatment because of its advantages such as minimal invasiveness and selective destruction. With the development of PDT, impressive progress has been made in the preparation of photosensitizers, particularly porphyrin photosensitizers. However, the limited tissue penetration of the activating light wavelengths and relatively low light energy capture efficiency of porphyrin photosensitizers are two major disadvantages in conventional photosensitizers. Therefore, tissue penetration needs to be enhanced and the light energy capture efficiency of porphyrin photosensitizers improved through structural modifications. The indirect excitation of porphyrin photosensitizers using fluorescent donors (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) has been successfully used to address these issues. In this review, the enhancement of the light energy capture efficiency of porphyrins is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zejie Tian
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Lingyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Wenbin Ai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, 28 Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsheng Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roger M, Bretonnière Y, Trolez Y, Vacher A, Arbouch I, Cornil J, Félix G, De Winter J, Richeter S, Clément S, Gerbier P. Synthesis and Characterization of Tetraphenylethene AIEgen-Based Push-Pull Chromophores for Photothermal Applications: Could the Cycloaddition-Retroelectrocyclization Click Reaction Make Any Molecule Photothermally Active? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108715. [PMID: 37240061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new tetraphenylethene (TPE) push-pull chromophores exhibiting strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) are described. They were obtained via [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) click reactions on an electron-rich alkyne-tetrafunctionalized TPE (TPE-alkyne) using both 1,1,2,2-tetracyanoethene (TCNE), 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) as electron-deficient alkenes. Only the starting TPE-alkyne displayed significant AIE behavior, whereas for TPE-TCNE, a faint effect was observed, and for TPE-TCNQ and TPE-F4-TCNQ, no fluorescence was observed in any conditions. The main ICT bands that dominate the UV-Visible absorption spectra underwent a pronounced red-shift beyond the near-infrared (NIR) region for TPE-F4-TCNQ. Based on TD-DFT calculations, it was shown that the ICT character shown by the compounds exclusively originated from the clicked moieties independently of the nature of the central molecular platform. Photothermal (PT) studies conducted on both TPE-TCNQ and TPE-F4-TCNQ in the solid state revealed excellent properties, especially for TPE-F4-TCNQ. These results indicated that CA-RE reaction of TCNQ or F4-TCNQ with donor-substituted are promising candidates for PT applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Roger
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Bretonnière
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Yann Trolez
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, University of Rennes, 35065 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Vacher
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, University of Rennes, 35065 Rennes, France
| | - Imane Arbouch
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Gautier Félix
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (S2MOs), University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Richeter
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Clément
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gerbier
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang S, Ma J, Yi Y, Li M, Cai P, Wu N. Synthesis of orthogonal push-pull chromophores via click reaction of arylynamines. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4081-4085. [PMID: 35521652 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00677d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a catalyst-free 'click' reaction: metal-free [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retro-electrocyclisation (CA-RE) of arylynamines with the sluggish acceptor tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) to provide orthogonal electron-push-pull light-harvesting small molecules: N-heterocyclic dicyanoquinodimethane-substituted methylene malononitriles. Ynamines are reactive alkynes and tend to induce over-reactions with the CA-RE adducts. The reactivity of arylynamines was balanced properly by ensuring the electron-density of the nitrogen atom was delocalised more over the aromatic rings than the triple bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangping Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
| | - Yikun Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shann'xi, 710049, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shann'xi, 710049, China
| | - Ping Cai
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Na Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu W, Miao Z, Chu Y, Li L, Wang L, Wang D. Photoacoustic Effect of Near-Infrared Absorbing Organic Molecules via Click Chemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072329. [PMID: 35408728 PMCID: PMC9000579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared dyes were developed to be contrast agents due to their ability to improve the productivity of photoacoustic (PA) imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) treatments. During the article, we described in detail the PA and PT effects of a category of organic molecules. F4-TCNQ could potentially cause a red-shift in the peak PA intensity. The results show that the PTT intensity of the near-infrared dyes with phenyl groups were higher than near-infrared dyes with thiophene groups. We also investigated the photodynamic treatment effect of C1b to demonstrate that these dyes are highly desirable in biochemistry. The high photoacoustic intensity of the organic molecules and the good yield of reactive oxygen species could indicate that these dyes have good potential for a wide range of imaging applications. Finally, we embedded the dye (C1b) in a liposomal hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer (C1b⊂L) to facilitate the application of hydrophobic dyes in biomedical applications, which can be absorbed by cells with good compatible and high stability for the imaging of cellular PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; (W.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zongcheng Miao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; (W.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (L.W.); (D.W.); Tel.: +86-189-9115-0632 (Z.M.)
| | - Yaqin Chu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; (W.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Liaoliao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (L.W.); (D.W.); Tel.: +86-189-9115-0632 (Z.M.)
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (L.W.); (D.W.); Tel.: +86-189-9115-0632 (Z.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ye JT, Qiu YQ. The inspiration and challenge for through-space charge transfer architecture: from thermally activated delayed fluorescence to non-linear optical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15881-15898. [PMID: 34296718 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules consisting of electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) subunits linked by π-conjugated bridges are promising building blocks for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and non-linear optics (NLO) materials due to their intramolecular charge transfer (CT) processes in response to external stimuli. According to the electron interaction pattern, the CT process in D-π-A architectures can be divided into two categories, through-bond/-space charge transfer (TB/TSCT). To date, research into the TADF properties of TSCT characteristic molecules has since seen significant growth. In fact, TSCT characteristic materials show great advantages in such NLO responses. In this perspective, we first briefly introduced the basic principles of NLO and TADF effects. Successively, we discuss the influence of TBCT and TSCT patterns on NLO and TADF properties, especially for TSCT characteristic. In the final part, we address the diversity and potential advantages of TSCT characteristic molecules as high-performance NLO materials. With these, it is expected that the greater structural flexibility of spatial conjugation can bring more functionality to NLO materials in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ting Ye
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|