1
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Zhang X, Chen X, Sun Y, Zhao J. Radical enhanced intersystem crossing mechanism, electron spin dynamics of high spin states and their applications in the design of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5257-5283. [PMID: 38884590 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers (PSs) can overcome the high cost and biological toxicity of traditional molecular systems containing heavy atoms (such as Pt(II), Ir(III), Ru(II), Pd(II), Lu(III), I, or Br atoms) and, therefore, are developing rapidly. Connecting a stable free radical to the chromophore can promote the intersystem crossing (ISC) process through electron spin exchange interaction to produce the triplet state of the chromophore or the doublet (D) and quartet (Q) states when taking the whole spin system into account. These molecular systems based on the radical enhanced ISC (REISC) mechanism are important in the field of heavy atom-free triplet PSs. The REISC system has a simple molecular structure and good biocompatibility, and it is especially helpful for building high-spin quantum states (D and Q states) that have the potential to be developed as qubits in quantum information science. This review introduces the molecular structure design for the purpose of high-spin states. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) is the most important characterization method to reveal the properties of these molecular systems, generation mechanism and electron spin polarization (ESP) of the high spin states. The spin polarization manipulation of high spin states and potential application in the field of quantum information engineering are also summarized. Moreover, molecular design principles of the REISC system to obtain long absorption wavelength, high triplet state quantum yield and long triplet state lifetime are introduced, as well as applications of the compounds in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. This review is useful for the design of heavy atom-free triplet PSs based on the radical-chromophore molecular structure motif and the study of the photophysics of the compounds, as well as the electron spin dynamics of the multi electron system upon photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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2
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Zhao M, Ren F, Zhou Y. Construction of Boron Difluoride Complexes with Asymmetric N,N'-Bidentate Ligands. Chemistry 2024:e202401784. [PMID: 38866701 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Boron difluoride (BF2) complexes with asymmetrical N,N'-bidentate ligands have received increasing attention due to their fascinating properties and broad applications. They are generally constructed in two steps: ligand formation, followed by boron complexation. This review focuses on categorizing these BF2 complexes based on the key synthetic strategies that have been applied in the ligand formation steps. The post-functionalization, properties and applications of different types of BF2 complexes are presented. Their challenges and opportunities are also discussed. This should help the future rational design and synthesis of BF2 complexes with intriguing properties and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhao
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangqin Ren
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Mula S, Koli M. Helical BODIPY Dyes as Heavy-Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400041. [PMID: 38359274 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite of having many advantages over the popular cancer therapies, photodynamic therapy still is not widely acceptable for clinical applications. Scarcity of efficient triplet photosensitizers (PSs) is one of the main bottlenecks for this. Although numerous heavy atom attached PSs are developed as PDT agents, but these are not suitable for clinical applications due to several reasons. Thus, development of heavy-atom-free organic PSs is urgently required. In this context, development of new type of helical BODIPYs as PSs for PDT is discussed. BODIPYs have rich photophysical properties and structural helicity further enhances their triplet conversion rates. This new concept of structural helicity to enhance the triplet conversion of BODIPYs is discussed with reported helical BODIPYs. Helical geometries of these dyes are checked by X-ray crystallography studies and their high triplet conversions as compared to planar BODIPYs are also confirmed. Importantly, these dyes have high triplet lifetimes and are capable of generating high singlet oxygens even in hypoxia condition as compared to conventional heavy atom attached BODIPYs. All these make the helical BODIPYs excellent candidates as PDT agents. Finally, their successful applications as PDT agents in killing of various types of cancer cells are also discussed. The results are encouraging which indicate that helical BODIPYs could be next generation heavy-atom-free PSs for PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyaditya Mula
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Mrunesh Koli
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
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4
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Puchán Sánchez D, Josse P, Plassais N, Park G, Khan Y, Park Y, Seinfeld M, Guyard A, Allain M, Gohier F, Khrouz L, Lungerich D, Ahn HS, Walker B, Monnereau C, Cabanetos C, Le Bahers T. Driving Triplet State Population in Benzothioxanthene Imide Dyes: Let's twist! Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400191. [PMID: 38498874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the formation of photoexcited triplet states is critical for many (photo)chemical and physical applications. Here, we demonstrate that a permanent out-of-plane distortion of the benzothioxanthene imide (BTI) dye promotes intersystem crossing by increasing spin-orbit coupling. This manipulation was achieved through a subtle chemical modification, specifically the bay-area methylation. Consequently, this simple yet efficient approach expands the catalog of known molecular engineering strategies for synthesizing heavy atom-free, dual redox-active, yet still emissive and synthetically accessible photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Josse
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Nathan Plassais
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000, Angers, France
- Department of Physics, University of Seoul, 02504, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Park
- Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeasin Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, 730-701 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, 730-701 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mathilde Seinfeld
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, F-69342 L, yon, France E-mail
| | - Antoine Guyard
- Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Magali Allain
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Frédéric Gohier
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, F-69342 L, yon, France E-mail
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), IBS Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Department of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyun S Ahn
- Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bright Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, 730-701 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, F-69342 L, yon, France E-mail
| | - Clément Cabanetos
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000, Angers, France
- 2BFUEL, IRL CNRS 2002, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tangui Le Bahers
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, F-69342 L, yon, France E-mail
- Institut Universitaire de France, 5 rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France
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5
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Fu X, Man Y, Yu C, Sun Y, Hao E, Wu Q, Hu A, Li G, Wang CC, Li J. Unsymmetrical Benzothieno-Fused BODIPYs as Efficient NIR Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4826-4839. [PMID: 38471124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free photosensitizers are potentially suitable for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this contribution, a new family of unsymmetrical benzothieno-fused BODIPYs with reactive oxygen efficiency up to 50% in air-saturated toluene was reported. Their efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) resulted in the generation of both 1O2 and O2-• under irradiation. More importantly, the PDT efficacy of a respective 4-methoxystyryl-modified benzothieno-fused BODIPY in living cells exhibited an extremely high phototoxicity with an ultralow IC50 value of 2.78 nM. The results revealed that the incorporation of an electron-donating group at the α-position of the unsymmetrical benzothieno-fused BODIPY platform might be an effective approach for developing long-wavelength absorbing heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yingxiu Man
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Changjiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yingzhu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Anzhi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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6
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Zhao M, Xu S, He C, Zhou Y. Synthesis, Structures and Photophysical Properties of Asymmetric Fulvene-[b]-fused BODIPYs. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303930. [PMID: 38117253 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a one-pot procedure to synthesize novel fulvene-[b]-fused BODIPYs from α-(2-alkynylphenyl)-pyrrole and acylpyrrole, using 5-exo cyclization as the key transformation. Compared to benzene-[b]-fused BODIPYs, although they have similar chemical compositions, their structures and properties significantly differ from each other, which can be attributed to the less aromaticity of the fulvene linker than benzene. Notably, fulvene-[b]-fused BODIPY 1 b exhibits helical-twisted core skeleton, intensified red-shifted absorption, and peak fluorescence. In addition, the pathway of this one-pot reaction and the mechanism of POCl3 mediated 5-exo cyclization have been proposed by a combining experimental and computational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhao
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaoyu Xu
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun He
- Apeloa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Wu Y, Cao H, Bakirov MM, Sukhanov AA, Li J, Liao S, Xiao X, Zhao J, Li MD, Kandrashkin YE. A Rational Way to Control the Triplet State Wave Function Confinement of Organic Chromophores: Effect of the Connection Sites and Spin Density Distribution-Guided Molecular Structure Design Principles in Bodipy Dimers. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:959-968. [PMID: 38252167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To study the intersystem crossing (ISC) and the spatial confinement of the triplet excited states of organic chromophores, we prepared a series of Bodipy dimers. We found that the connection position of the two units has a significant effect on the absorption and fluorescence. Singlet oxygen quantum yields of 3.8-12.4% were observed for the dimers, which are independent of solvent polarity. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra indicate the population of long-lived triplet excited states with lifetimes (τT) of 45-454 μs. Pulsed laser-excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra show that the T1 triplet states are essentially delocalized, which is different from the case for the previously reported Bodipy dimers. The TREPR spectra of the triplet states imply that the delocalization over the whole dimer essentially depends on the electron density of the carbon atoms at the connection sites. This property may become a universal rule for controlling the T1 state confinement in multichromophore organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Huaiman Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Marcel M Bakirov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yuri E Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
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8
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Lancel M, Lindgren M, Monnereau C, Amara Z. Kinetic effects in singlet oxygen mediated oxidations by immobilized photosensitizers on silica. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:79-92. [PMID: 38066378 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) mediated photo-oxidations are important reactions involved in numerous processes in chemical and biological sciences. While most of the current research works have aimed at improving the efficiencies of these transformations either by increasing 1O2 quantum yields or by enhancing its lifetime, we establish herein that immobilization of a molecular photosensitizer onto silica surfaces affords significant, substrate dependant, enhancement in the reactivity of 1O2. Probing a classical model reaction (oxidation of Anthracene-9, 10-dipropionic acid, ADPA or dimethylanthracene, DMA) with various spectrofluorimetric techniques, it is here proposed that an interaction between polar substrates and the silica surface is responsible for the observed phenomenon. This discovery could have a direct impact on the design of future photosensitized 1O2 processes in various applications ranging from organic photochemistry to photobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lancel
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers, HESAM université, 75003, Paris, France
| | - Mikaël Lindgren
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gløshaugen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon, 69364, Lyon, France.
| | - Zacharias Amara
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique, Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, (GBCM), EA 7528, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers, HESAM université, 75003, Paris, France.
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9
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Silber V, Jean M, Vanthuyne N, Del Rio N, Matozzo P, Crassous J, Ruppert R. Porphyrin- and Bodipy-helicene conjugates: syntheses, separation of enantiomers and chiroptical properties. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8924-8935. [PMID: 37909260 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01459b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of several new compounds containing a chromophore and a helicenic moiety is reported. The preparation, characterisation and some physico-chemical studies are detailed. In particular, the two enantiomers of several chiral molecules of this type were separated by chiral HPLC (both analytically and in a preparative way) and their racemisation rates were determined for short-lived species. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and circular polarised luminescence (CPL) measurements were performed for the compounds with a very long racemisation half-life. Chiral porphyrins and Bodipys both gave ECD and CPL responses over a large area of the visible spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Silber
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7313, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7313, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Natalia Del Rio
- ISCR, UMR CNRS 6226, campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Paola Matozzo
- ISCR, UMR CNRS 6226, campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- ISCR, UMR CNRS 6226, campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Romain Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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10
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Koli M, Gupta S, Chakraborty S, Ghosh A, Ghosh R, Wadawale AP, Ghanty TK, Patro BS, Mula S. Design and Synthesis of BODIPY-Hetero[5]helicenes as Heavy-Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301605. [PMID: 37314387 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Designing heavy-atom-free triplet photosensitizers (PSs) is a challenge for the efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Helicenes are twisted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with an efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) that is proportional to their twisting angle. But their difficult syntheses and weak absorption profile in the visible spectral region restrict their use as heavy-atom-free triplet PSs for PDT. On the other hand, boron-containing PAHs, BODIPYs are highly recognized for their outstanding optical properties. However, planar BODIPY dyes has low ISC and thus they are not very effective as PDT agents. We have designed and synthesized fused compounds containing both BODIPY and hetero[5]helicene structures to develop red-shifted chromophores with efficient ISC. One of the pyrrole units of the BODIPY core was also replaced by a thiazole unit to further enhance the triplet conversion. All the fused compounds have helical structure, and their twisting angles are also increased by substitutions at the boron centre. The helical structures of the BODIPY-hetero[5]helicenes were confirmed by X-ray crystallography and DFT structure optimization. The designed BODIPY-hetero[5]helicenes showed superior optical properties and high ISC with respect to [5]helicene. Interestingly their ISC efficiencies increase proportionally with their twisting angles. This is the first report on the relationship between the twisting angle and the ISC efficiency in twisted BODIPY-based compounds. Theoretical calculations showed that energy gap of the S1 and T1 states decreases in BODIPY-hetero[5]helicene as compared to planar BODIPY. This enhances the ISC rate in BODIPY-hetero[5]helicene, which is responsible for their high generation of singlet oxygen. Finally, their potential applications as PDT agents were investigated, and one BODIPY-hetero[5]helicene showed efficient cancer cell killing upon photo-exposure. This new design strategy will be very useful for the future development of heavy-atom-free PDT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunesh Koli
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sonali Gupta
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Saikat Chakraborty
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Ayan Ghosh
- Laser and Plasma Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Rajib Ghosh
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - A P Wadawale
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Tapan K Ghanty
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
- Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Birija S Patro
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Soumyaditya Mula
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
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11
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Li W, Gong Q, Wu Q, Guo L, Guo X, Guo D, Jiao L, Hao E. Pictet-Spengler synthesis of twisted quinoline-fused BODIPYs as heavy-atom-free photosensitizers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12330-12333. [PMID: 37753618 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Singly and doubly quinoline-fused BODIPYs were effectively synthesized through a reaction sequence consisting of the reduction of nitrophenyl-substituted BODIPYs and subsequent Pictet-Spengler cyclization. The combination of the BODIPY core and fused quinoline rings imposed significantly twisted conformations in the quinoline-fused BODIPYs (around 20.0° deviation from coplanarity obtained from X-ray crystal structure analysis). These twisted BODIPYs showed significantly reduced LUMO, redshifted absorption/emission bands, high molar extinction coefficients and satisfactory reactive oxygen species generation efficiency up to 0.56, indicating potential use as heavy-atom-free photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Qingbao Gong
- The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Luying Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Xing Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Dianjun Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
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Díaz-Norambuena C, Avellanal-Zaballa E, Prieto-Castañeda A, Bañuelos J, de la Moya S, Agarrabeitia AR, Ortiz MJ. Formylation as a Chemical Tool to Modulate the Performance of Photosensitizers Based on Boron Dipyrromethene Dimers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11837. [PMID: 37511596 PMCID: PMC10380594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free photosensitizers are envisioned as the next generation of photoactive molecules for photo-theragnosis. In this approach, and after suitable irradiation, a single molecular scaffold is able to visualize and kill tumour cells by fluorescence signalling and photodynamic therapy (PDT), respectively, with minimal side effects. In this regard, BODIPY-based orthogonal dimers have irrupted as suitable candidates for this aim. Herein, we analyse the photophysical properties of a set of formyl-functionalized BODIPY dimers to ascertain their suitability as fluorescent photosensitizers. The conducted computationally aided spectroscopic study determined that the fluorescence/singlet oxygen generation dual performance of these valuable BODIPY dimers not only depends on the BODIPY-BODIPY linkage and the steric hindrance around it, but also can be modulated by proper formyl functionalization at specific chromophoric positions. Thus, we propose regioselective formylation as an effective tool to modulate such a delicate photonic balance in BODIPY-based dimeric photosensitizers. The taming of the excited-state dynamics, in particular intramolecular charge transfer as the key underlying process mediating fluorescence deactivation vs. intersystem crossing increasing, could serve to increase fluorescence for brighter bioimaging, enhance the generation of singlet oxygen for killing activity, or balance both for photo-theragnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Díaz-Norambuena
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edurne Avellanal-Zaballa
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alejandro Prieto-Castañeda
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia R Agarrabeitia
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Ortiz
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Zhu W, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Sukhanov AA, Chu Y, Zhang X, Zhao J, Voronkova VK. Preparation of Xanthene-TEMPO Dyads: Synthesis and Study of the Radical Enhanced Intersystem Crossing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11220. [PMID: 37446398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We prepared a rhodamine-TEMPO chromophore-radical dyad (RB-TEMPO) to study the radical enhanced intersystem crossing (REISC). The visible light-harvesting chromophore rhodamine is connected with the TEMPO (a nitroxide radical) via a C-N bond. The UV-vis absorption spectrum indicates negligible electron interaction between the two units at the ground state. Interestingly, the fluorescence of the rhodamine moiety is strongly quenched in RB-TEMPO, and the fluorescence lifetime of the rhodamine moiety is shortened to 0.29 ns, from the lifetime of 3.17 ns. We attribute this quenching effect to the intramolecular electron spin-spin interaction between the nitroxide radical and the photoexcited rhodamine chromophore. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra confirm the REISC in RB-TEMPO, indicated by the detection of the rhodamine chromophore triplet excited state; the lifetime was determined as 128 ns, which is shorter than the native rhodamine triplet state lifetime (0.58 μs). The zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters of the triplet state of the chromophore were determined with the pulsed laser excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra. RB-TEMPO was used as a photoinitiator for the photopolymerization of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). These studies are useful for the design of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers, the study of the ISC, and the electron spin dynamics of the radical-chromophore systems upon photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Yuqi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
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Zhang X, Sukhanov AA, Liu X, Taddei M, Zhao J, Harriman A, Voronkova VK, Wan Y, Dick B, Di Donato M. Origin of intersystem crossing in highly distorted organic molecules: a case study with red light-absorbing N, N, O, O-boron-chelated Bodipys. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5014-5027. [PMID: 37206394 PMCID: PMC10189861 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the relationship between the twisted π-conjugation framework of aromatic chromophores and the efficacy of intersystem crossing (ISC), we have studied a N,N,O,O-boron-chelated Bodipy derivative possessing a severely distorted molecular structure. Surprisingly, this chromophore is highly fluorescent, showing inefficient ISC (singlet oxygen quantum yield, ΦΔ = 12%). These features differ from those of helical aromatic hydrocarbons, where the twisted framework promotes ISC. We attribute the inefficient ISC to a large singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES1/T1 = 0.61 eV). This postulate is tested by critical examination of a distorted Bodipy having an anthryl unit at the meso-position, for which ΦΔ is increased to 40%. The improved ISC yield is rationalized by the presence of a T2 state, localized on the anthryl unit, with energy close to that of the S1 state. The electron spin polarization phase pattern of the triplet state is (e, e, e, a, a, a), with the Tz sublevel of the T1 state overpopulated. The small zero-field splitting D parameter (-1470 MHz) indicates that the electron spin density is delocalized over the twisted framework. It is concluded that twisting of π-conjugation framework does not necessarily induce ISC, but S1/Tn energy matching may be a generic feature for increasing ISC for a new-generation of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Complessi OrganoMetallici Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
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15
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Heavy Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizers: Molecular Structure Design, Photophysical Properties and Application in Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052170. [PMID: 36903415 PMCID: PMC10004235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising method for the treatment of cancer, because of its advantages including a low toxicity, non-drug-resistant character, and targeting capability. From a photochemical aspect, a critical property of triplet photosensitizers (PSs) used for PDT reagents is the intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency. Conventional PDT reagents are limited to porphyrin compounds. However, these compounds are difficult to prepare, purify, and derivatize. Thus, new molecular structure paradigms are desired to develop novel, efficient, and versatile PDT reagents, especially those contain no heavy atoms, such as Pt or I, etc. Unfortunately, the ISC ability of heavy atom-free organic compounds is usually elusive, and it is difficult to predict the ISC capability of these compounds and design novel heavy atom-free PDT reagents. Herein, from a photophysical perspective, we summarize the recent developments of heavy atom-free triplet PSs, including methods based on radical-enhanced ISC (REISC, facilitated by electron spin-spin interaction), twisted π-conjugation system-induced ISC, the use of fullerene C60 as an electron spin converter in antenna-C60 dyads, energetically matched S1/Tn states-enhanced ISC, etc. The application of these compounds in PDT is also briefly introduced. Most of the presented examples are the works of our research group.
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Isukapalli SVK, Vennapusa SR. Core-Twist Reduces the Triplet Formation Efficiency in Brominated Perylene Diimides. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7606-7612. [PMID: 36223553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bromination is a recent approach to achieve intersystem crossing (ISC) in perylene diimides (PDIs). Herein, we explore the triplet formation dynamics in two tetrabrominated PDI (PDI-Br4) positional isomers with planar (P-PDI) and twisted (T-PDI) π-conjugated frameworks. In contrast to the known effect where the planar geometry favors fluorescence, T-PDI shows higher fluorescence (ϕf = 0.64) than the planar counterpart P-PDI (ϕf = 0.42). P-PDI possesses near-degenerate S1 and T3/T4 states and a larger spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Core-twisting has a pronounced effect on the absorption spectra due to symmetry breaking and would open up multiple ISC pathways, albeit with a lower SOC. Low-energy singlet-triplet state crossings within the Franck-Condon region would facilitate ultrafast triplet generation via the S1-T3/T4 ISC pathway in P-PDI. In comparison, such crossings occur at relatively higher energy, reducing the triplet formation efficiency in T-PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Vamsi Krishna Isukapalli
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram695551, India
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram695551, India
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Yang L, Chen S, Yi D, Chen Q, Zhang J, Xie Y, Sun H. Synthesis and fluorescence properties of red-to-near-infrared-emitting push-pull dyes based on benzodioxazole scaffolds. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8512-8517. [PMID: 34554170 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging with high temporal and spatial resolution has emerged as one of the most promising techniques to monitor biomolecules and biological processes in living systems. Among many kinds of small molecular fluorescent dyes, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (BD) derivatives have been widely applied in many chemical and biological applications due to their excellent photophysical properties. However, only a limited number of BD dyes with long emission wavelengths were reported. Herein, we have reported a new class of red-to near-infrared-emitting small molecular dyes 2a-3a based on benzodioxazole scaffolds, which are named VBDfluors. To bathochromically shift both absorption and emission, the conjugation system was extended by introducing electron-withdrawing group-substituted vinyl groups at position 7 via a Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The basic photophysical properties of VBDfluors were detected and summarized. The VBDfluors display excellent photophysical properties, including emission in the red-to-NIR region, large Stokes shifts, good stability/photostability and cell permeability. The geometry of the molecules was optimized by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods. Bioimaging results indicated that 2a and 3a exhibited excellent cell permeability and could be utilized for visualization of lipid droplets in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China.,Department of Chemistry and COSDAF (Centre of super-Diamond and Advanced Films), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Suyuan Chen
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dong Yi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qingxin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and COSDAF (Centre of super-Diamond and Advanced Films), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and COSDAF (Centre of super-Diamond and Advanced Films), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yusheng Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and COSDAF (Centre of super-Diamond and Advanced Films), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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