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Dhami S, Khatun MN, Sengupta C, Iyer PK, Pandey R. Substitution effects on the photoinduced excited state dynamics of perylenemonoimides in solution and thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15600-15610. [PMID: 38757930 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00993b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Perylene monoimide (PMI) derivatives are attracting significant attention due to their strong absorption in the visible range, thermal stability, and synthetic accessibility. These properties make them promising for application in various areas such as optoelectronic devices, photosensitizers, etc. In this work, the photophysical properties and excited state dynamics of four different PMI derivatives (PMIB, BrPMITB, PMITB, and APITB) were studied in solution and thin films utilizing steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Among the four PMI derivatives, APITB is designed as a donor-acceptor dyad, with thianthrene as a donor and PMI as an acceptor. The activation of the triplet state through the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) process in THF was observed upon substitution with the thianthrene group at the peri position of the PMI moiety. The SOCT-ISC process facilitates triplet formation in the APITB dyad within 423 ps. Meanwhile, other PMI derivatives showed fluorescence within the femtosecond timescale in THF. The PMI derivatives in thin films displayed different photo physical properties to those in THF. This discrepancy arises due to the effective intermolecular coupling between the PMI derivatives in thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Dhami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667 Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Mst Nasima Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Chaitrali Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667 Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667 Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.
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Shi Q, Ding N, Wang Z, Gou X, Peng L, Ma J, Fang Y. Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Materials Featuring Triplet Hybrid Local Charge Transfer Emission. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2995-3001. [PMID: 38457284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Room-temperature phosphorescence materials have found important applications in dissolved oxygen sensing, temperature monitoring, anticounterfeiting, etc., because of their prolonged phosphorescence lifetime. However, the known systems mainly utilize the triplet local excited state emission, which is generally less sensitive to microenvironment perturbation. In this work, we designed a series of 4-phenyl-1,8-naphthalimide (NMI) derivatives containing different numbers of carbazole (Cz) units (denoted as NMI-Cz, NMI-2Cz, and NMI-3Cz). Steady state and time-resolved spectroscopy studies determined that the compounds undergo intramolecular through-space charge transfer in solution, yielding a triplet hybrid local charge transfer state. Room-temperature phosphorescence emission was observed in compound-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) thin films upon ammonia treatment. Interestingly, emission from different films exhibited different persistence times. We believe a film-based, time-resolved luminescent ammonia sensor could be developed by making a device of the emissive films as fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Gou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Lingya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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Xiao X, Mu T, Sukhanov AA, Zhou Y, Yu P, Yu F, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Voronkova VK. The effect of thionation of the carbonyl group on the photophysics of compact spiro rhodamine-naphthalimide electron donor-acceptor dyads: intersystem crossing, charge separation, and electron spin dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31667-31682. [PMID: 37966808 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04891h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a spiro rhodamine (Rho)-thionated naphthalimide (NIS) electron donor-acceptor orthogonal dyad (Rho-NIS) was prepared to study the formation of a long-lived charge separation (CS) state via the electron spin control approach. The transient absorption (TA) spectra of Rho-NIS indicated that the intersystem crossing (ISC) occurs within 7-42 ps to produce the 3NIS state via the spin orbit coupling ISC (SOC-ISC). The energy order of 3CS (2.01 eV in n-hexane, HEX) and 3LE states (1.68 eV in HEX) depended on the solvent polarity. The 3NIS state having n-π* character and a lifetime of 0.38 μs was observed for Rho-NIS in toluene (TOL). Alternatively, in acetonitrile (ACN), the long-lived 3CS state (0.21 μs) with a high CS state quantum yield (ΦCS, 97%) was produced with the 3NIS state as the precursor and the CS took 134 ps. On the contrary, in the case of the reference Rho-naphthalimide (NI) Rho-NI dyad without thionation of its carbonyl group, a long-lived CS state (0.94 μs) with a high energy level (ECS = 2.12 eV) was generated even in HEX with a lower ΦCS (49%). In the presence of an acid, the Rho unit in the Rho-NIS adopted an open form (Rho-o) and the 3NIS state was produced within 24-47 ps with the 1Rho-o state as the precursor. Subsequently, slow intramolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET, 0.11-0.60 μs) produced the 3Rho-o state (9.4-13.6 μs). According to the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra of NIS-NH2, the zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameter |D| and E of the triplet state were determined to be 6165 MHz and -1233 MHz, respectively, indicating that its triplet state has significant nπ* character, which was supported by its short triplet state lifetime (6.1 μs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Tong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia.
| | - Yihang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Peiran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia.
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Chen X, Rehmat N, Kurganskii IV, Maity P, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Mohammed OF, Fedin MV. Efficient Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing and Slow Intramolecular Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer in Bodipy-Perylenebisimide Compact Dyads and Triads. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302137. [PMID: 37553294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bodipy (BDP)-perylenebisimide (PBI) donor-acceptor dyads/triad were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). For BDP-PBI-3, in which BDP was attached at the imide position of PBI, higher singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ =85 %) was observed than the bay-substituted derivative BDP-PBI-1 (ΦΔ =30 %). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicate slow Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET; 40.4 ps) and charge separation (CS; 1.55 ns) in BDP-PBI-3, while for BDP-PBI-1, CS takes 2.8 ps. For triad BDP-PBI-2, ultrafast FRET (149 fs) and CS (4.7 ps) process were observed, the subsequent charge recombination (CR) takes 5.8 ns and long-lived 3 PBI* (179.8 μs) state is populated. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra of BDP-PBI-3 show that the CR gives upper triplet excited state (3 BDP*) and subsequently, via a slow intramolecular triplet energy transfer (14.5 μs), the 3 PBI* state is finally populated, indicating that upper triplet state is involved in SOCT-ISC. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that both radical pair ISC (RP ISC) and SOCT-ISC contribute to the ISC. A rare electron spin polarization of (e, e, e, e, e, e) was observed for the triplet state formed via the RP ISC mechanism, due to the S-T+1 /T0 states mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Noreen Rehmat
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Ivan V Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Partha Maity
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Umeyama T, Mizutani D, Ikeda Y, Osterloh WR, Yamamoto F, Kato K, Yamakata A, Higashi M, Urakami T, Sato H, Imahori H. An emissive charge-transfer excited-state at the well-defined hetero-nanostructure interface of an organic conjugated molecule and two-dimensional inorganic nanosheet. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11914-11923. [PMID: 37920360 PMCID: PMC10619621 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise engineering of excited-state interactions between an organic conjugated molecule and a two-dimensional semiconducting inorganic nanosheet, specifically the manipulation of charge-transfer excited (CTE) states, still remains a challenge for state-of-the-art photochemistry. Herein, we report a long-lived, highly emissive CTE state at structurally well-defined hetero-nanostructure interfaces of photoactive pyrene and two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets via an N-benzylsuccinimide bridge (Py-Bn-MoS2). Spectroscopic measurements reveal that no charge-transfer state is formed in the ground state, but the locally-excited (LE) state of pyrene in Py-Bn-MoS2 efficiently generates an unusual emissive CTE state. Theoretical studies elucidate the interaction of MoS2 vacant orbitals with the pyrene LE state to form a CTE state that shows a distinct solvent dependence of the emission energy. This is the first example of organic-inorganic 2D hetero-nanostructures displaying mixed luminescence properties by an accurate design of the bridge structure, and therefore represents an important step in their applications for energy conversion and optoelectronic devices and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo Himeji Hyogo 671-2280 Japan
| | - Daizu Mizutani
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yuki Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - W Ryan Osterloh
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Futa Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo Himeji Hyogo 671-2280 Japan
| | - Kosaku Kato
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Akira Yamakata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Takumi Urakami
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Institute for Liberal Arts and Sciences (ILAS), Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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6
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Xiao X, Yan Y, Sukhanov AA, Doria S, Iagatti A, Bussotti L, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Voronkova VK. Long-Lived Charge-Separated State in Naphthalimide-Phenothiazine Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Effect of Molecular Conformation Restriction and Solvent Polarity. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6982-6998. [PMID: 37527418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
To study the charge separation (CS) and long-lived CS state, we prepared a series of dyads based on naphthalimide (NI, electron acceptor) and phenothiazine (PTZ, electron donor), with an intervening phenyl linker attached on the N-position of both moieties. The purpose is to exploit the electron spin control effect to prolong the CS-state lifetime by formation of the 3CS state, instead of the ordinary 1CS state, the spin-correlated radical pair (SCRP), or the free ion pairs. The electronic coupling magnitude is tuned by conformational restriction exerted by the methyl groups on the phenyl linker. Differently from the previously reported NI-PTZ analogues containing long and flexible linkers, we observed a significant CS emission band centered at ca. 600 nm and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with a lifetime of 13.8 ns (population ratio: 42%)/321.6 μs (56%). Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy indicates that in cyclohexane (CHX), only the 3NI* state was observed (lifetime τ = 274.7 μs), in acetonitrile (ACN), only the CS state was observed (τ = 1.4 μs), whereas in a solvent with intermediate polarity, such as toluene (TOL), both the 3NI* (shorter-lived) and the CS states were observed. Observation of the long-lived CS state in ACN, yet lack of TADF, confirms the spin-vibronic coupling theoretical model of TADF. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy indicates that charge separation occurs in both nonpolar and polar solvents, with time constants ranging from less than 1 ps in ACN to ca. 60 ps in CHX. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra indicate the existence of the 3NI* and CS states for the dyads upon photoexcitation. The electron spin-spin dipole interaction magnitude of the radical anion and cation of the CS state is intermediate between that of a typical SCRP and a 3CS state, suggesting that the long CS-state lifetime is partially due to the electron spin control effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Sandra Doria
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Iagatti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
- INO-CNR, Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze (FI), Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia
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Heavy Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizers: Molecular Structure Design, Photophysical Properties and Application in Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052170. [PMID: 36903415 PMCID: PMC10004235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising method for the treatment of cancer, because of its advantages including a low toxicity, non-drug-resistant character, and targeting capability. From a photochemical aspect, a critical property of triplet photosensitizers (PSs) used for PDT reagents is the intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency. Conventional PDT reagents are limited to porphyrin compounds. However, these compounds are difficult to prepare, purify, and derivatize. Thus, new molecular structure paradigms are desired to develop novel, efficient, and versatile PDT reagents, especially those contain no heavy atoms, such as Pt or I, etc. Unfortunately, the ISC ability of heavy atom-free organic compounds is usually elusive, and it is difficult to predict the ISC capability of these compounds and design novel heavy atom-free PDT reagents. Herein, from a photophysical perspective, we summarize the recent developments of heavy atom-free triplet PSs, including methods based on radical-enhanced ISC (REISC, facilitated by electron spin-spin interaction), twisted π-conjugation system-induced ISC, the use of fullerene C60 as an electron spin converter in antenna-C60 dyads, energetically matched S1/Tn states-enhanced ISC, etc. The application of these compounds in PDT is also briefly introduced. Most of the presented examples are the works of our research group.
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Kou M, Qin F, Wang Y, Zhang X, Hu Z, Zhang Z. Insight into the Heavy Atom Effect Induced by Environmental Heavy Atoms for Gadolinium-Labeled Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:777-782. [PMID: 36647797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental heavy atoms can further enhance the room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) emissions of gadolinium-labeled hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (Gd-HMME) by way of the external heavy atom effect (HAE). However, the macroscopic phosphorescence intensity covered the intrinsic effect of the environmental heavy atoms. In this study, a method of separating the external HAE from the total is performed, and a quantity to describe the intrinsic nature of external HAE is defined. The environmental Gd3+ concentration evolution of the phosphorescent transition rate (kP) is obtained by correlated absorption, emission, and time-resolved spectroscopy. The kP increases linearly with environmental Gd3+ concentration, while the intercept kP0 coincides with that of the internal HAE. The slope κ could be calculated, and it is a quantity free of the Gd3+ concentration and only relies on the type of environmental heavy atoms. In addition, the environmental Lu3+ exhibits similar functionality to Gd3+ in external HAE. Environmental Pd2+ quenches the phosphorescence intensity macroscopically, while it enhances the HAE intrinsically. Our method provides an alternative insight into the intrinsic nature of environmental heavy atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Kou
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Feng Qin
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yongda Wang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.,School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Ye K, Cao L, van Raamsdonk DME, Wang Z, Zhao J, Escudero D, Jacquemin D. Naphthalimide-phenothiazine dyads: effect of conformational flexibility and matching of the energy of the charge-transfer state and the localized triplet excited state on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1435-1453. [PMID: 36300011 PMCID: PMC9577389 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the joint influence of the conformation flexibility and the matching of the energies of the charge-transfer (CT) and the localized triplet excited (3LE) states on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in electron donor–acceptor molecules, a series of compact electron donor–acceptor dyads and a triad were prepared, with naphthalimide (NI) as electron acceptor and phenothiazine (PTZ) as electron donor. The NI and PTZ moieties are either directly connected at the 3-position of NI and the N-position of the PTZ moiety via a C–N single bond, or they are linked through a phenyl group. The tuning of the energy order of the CT and LE states is achieved by oxidation of the PTZ unit into the corresponding sulfoxide, whereas conformation restriction is imposed by introducing ortho-methyl substituents on the phenyl linker, so that the coupling magnitude between the CT and the 3LE states can be controlled. The singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) of NI-PTZ is moderate in n-hexane (HEX, ΦΔ = 19%). TADF was observed for the dyads, the biexponential luminescence lifetime are 16.0 ns (99.9%)/14.4 μs (0.1%) for the dyad and 7.2 ns (99.6%)/2.0 μs (0.4%) for the triad. Triplet state was observed in the nanosecond transient absorption spectra with lifetimes in the 4–48 μs range. Computational investigations show that the orthogonal electron donor–acceptor molecular structure is beneficial for TADF. These calculations indicate small energetic difference between the 3LE and 3CT states, which are helpful for interpreting the ns-TA spectra and the origins of TADF in NI-PTZ, which is ultimately due to the small energetic difference between the 3LE and 3CT states. Conversely, NI-PTZ-O, which has a higher CT state and bears a much more stabilized 3LE state, does not show TADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | | | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | | | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR-6230, Nantes F-44000, France
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10
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Karatay A, Yılmaz H, Yildiz EA, Sevinç G, Hayvali M, Boyacioglu B, Unver H, Elmali A. Two-photon absorption and triplet excited state quenching of near-IR region aza-BODIPY photosensitizers via a triphenylamine moiety despite heavy bromine atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25495-25505. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02960j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aza-BODIPY compounds with methoxy groups at -3 and -5 positons and triphenylamine moieties at -1, -7 positions with and without heavy bromine atoms at -2, -6 positions have been designed and synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Akhuseyin Yildiz
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Sevinç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Hayvali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahadir Boyacioglu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara University, 06290 Kecioren-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Unver
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Besevler-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
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