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Chen Y, Atwi R, Nguyen DT, Bazak JD, Hahn NT, Ryu J, Sears JA, Han KS, Song M, Li Z, Karkamkar AJ, Hu JZ, Zavadil KR, Rajput NN, Mueller KT, Murugesan V. From Bulk to Interface: Solvent Exchange Dynamics and Their Role in Ion Transport and the Interfacial Model of Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12984-12999. [PMID: 38709897 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Multivalent battery chemistries have been explored in response to the increasing demand for high-energy rechargeable batteries utilizing sustainable resources. Solvation structures of working cations have been recognized as a key component in the design of electrolytes; however, most structure-property correlations of metal ions in organic electrolytes usually build upon favorable static solvation structures, often overlooking solvent exchange dynamics. We here report the ion solvation structures and solvent exchange rates of magnesium electrolytes in various solvents by using multimodal nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and molecular dynamics/density functional theory (MD/DFT) calculations. These magnesium solvation structures and solvent exchange dynamics are correlated to the combined effects of several physicochemical properties of the solvents. Moreover, Mg2+ transport and interfacial charge transfer efficiency are found to be closely correlated to the solvent exchange rate in the binary electrolytes where the solvent exchange is tunable by the fraction of diluent solvents. Our primary findings are (1) most battery-related solvents undergo ultraslow solvent exchange coordinating to Mg2+ (with time scales ranging from 0.5 μs to 5 ms), (2) the cation transport mechanism is a mixture of vehicular and structural diffusion even at the ultraslow exchange limit (with faster solvent exchange leading to faster cation transport), and (3) an interfacial model wherein organic-rich regions facilitate desolvation and inorganic regions promote Mg2+ transport is consistent with our NMR, electrochemistry, and cryogenic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (cryo-XPS) results. This observed ultraslow solvent exchange and its importance for ion transport and interfacial properties necessitate the judicious selection of solvents and informed design of electrolyte blends for multivalent electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rasha Atwi
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Dan Thien Nguyen
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - J David Bazak
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nathan T Hahn
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Material, Physical and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jaegeon Ryu
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesse A Sears
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Minyung Song
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zheng Li
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Abhijeet J Karkamkar
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jian Zhi Hu
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kevin R Zavadil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Nav Nidhi Rajput
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Karl T Mueller
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Prabhakaran V, Agarwal G, Howard JD, Wi S, Shutthanandan V, Nguyen DT, Soule L, Johnson GE, Liu YS, Yang F, Feng X, Guo J, Hankins K, Curtiss LA, Mueller KT, Assary RS, Murugesan V. Coordination-Dependent Chemical Reactivity of TFSI Anions at a Mg Metal Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7518-7528. [PMID: 36715357 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer across the electrode-electrolyte interface is a highly complex and convoluted process involving diverse solvated species with varying structures and compositions. Despite recent advances in in situ and operando interfacial analysis, molecular specific reactivity of solvated species is inaccessible due to a lack of precise control over the interfacial constituents and/or an unclear understanding of their spectroscopic fingerprints. However, such molecular-specific understanding is critical to the rational design of energy-efficient solid-electrolyte interphase layers. We have employed ion soft landing, a versatile and highly controlled method, to prepare well-defined interfaces assembled with selected ions, either as solvated species or as bare ions, with distinguishing molecular precision. Equipped with precise control over interfacial composition, we employed in situ multimodal spectroscopic characterization to unravel the molecular specific reactivity of Mg solvated species comprising (i.e., bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, TFSI-) anions and solvent molecules (i.e., dimethoxyethane, DME/G1) on a Mg metal surface relevant to multivalent Mg batteries. In situ multimodal spectroscopic characterization revealed higher reactivity of the undercoordinated solvated species [Mg-TFSI-G1]+ compared to the fully coordinated [Mg-TFSI-(G1)2]+ species or even the bare TFSI-. These results were corroborated by the computed reaction pathways and energy barriers for decomposition of the TFSI- within Mg solvated species relative to bare TFSI-. Finally, we evaluated the TFSI reactivity under electrochemical conditions using Mg(TFSI)2-DME-based phase-separated electrolytes representing different solvated constituents. Based on our multimodal study, we report a detailed understanding of TFSI- decomposition processes as part of coordinated solvated species at a Mg-metal anode that will aid the rational design of improved sustainable electrochemical energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshkumar Prabhakaran
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Garvit Agarwal
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jason D Howard
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sungun Wi
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Dan-Thien Nguyen
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Luke Soule
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xuefei Feng
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kie Hankins
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Larry A Curtiss
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Karl T Mueller
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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