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Seymour JM, Gousseva E, Towers Tompkins FK, Parker LG, Alblewi NO, Clarke CJ, Hayama S, Palgrave RG, Bennett RA, Matthews RP, Lovelock KRJ. Unravelling the complex speciation of halozincate ionic liquids using X-ray spectroscopies and calculations. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 39058290 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Using a combination of liquid-phase X-ray spectroscopy experiments and small-scale calculations we have gained new insights into the speciation of halozincate anions in ionic liquids (ILs). Both core and valence X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments were performed directly on the liquid-phase ILs, supplemented by Zn 1s X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out on both 1- and 2- halozincate anions, in both a generalised solvation model SMD (Solvation Model based on Density) and the gas phase, to give XP spectra and total energy differences; time-dependent DFT was used to calculate XANES spectra. Speciation judgements were made using a combination of the shape and width of the experimental spectra, and visual matches to the calculated spectra. For 2- halozincate anions, excellent matches were found between the experimental and calculated XP spectra, clearly showing that only 2- halozincate anions were present at all zinc halide mole fractions, x, studied. At specific values of x (0.33, 0.50, 0.60) only one halozincate anion was present; equilibria of different halozincate anions at those values of x were not observed. All findings show that chlorozincate anion and bromozincate anion speciation matched at the same x. Based on the results, predictions are made of the halozincate anion speciation for all values of x up to 0.67. Caution is advised when using differences in calculated total energies obtained from DFT to judge halozincate anion speciation, even when the SMD was employed, as predictions based on total energy differences did not always match the findings from the experimental and calculated spectra. Our findings clearly establish that the combination of high-quality experimental data from multiple spectroscopies and a wide range of calculated structures are essential to have high confidence in halozincate anion speciation identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Seymour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - E Gousseva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | | | - L G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - N O Alblewi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - C J Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S Hayama
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell, UK
| | - R G Palgrave
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, UK
| | - R A Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - R P Matthews
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, UK.
| | - K R J Lovelock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Seo YH, Lee MR, Lee DY, Park JH, Seo HJ, Park SU, Kim H, Kim SJ, Lee BY. Preparation of Well-Defined Double-Metal Cyanide Catalysts for Propylene Oxide Polymerization and CO 2 Copolymerization. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1414-1426. [PMID: 38166391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Reevaluating the composition of the double metal cyanide catalyst (DMC) as a salt of (NC)6Co3- anions with 1:1 Zn2+/(X)Zn+ cations (X = Cl, RO, AcO), we prepared a series of well-defined DMCs, [ClZn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-][ROH], [(RO)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(AcO)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(RO)Zn+]p[ClZn+](1-p)[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(AcO)Zn+]p[(tBuO)Zn+]q[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], and [(AcO)Zn+]p[(tBuO)Zn+]q[ClZn+]r[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-]. The structure of [(MeOC3H6O)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-] was precisely determined at the atomic level through Rietveld refinement of the synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. By evaluating the catalyst's performance in both propylene oxide (PO) polymerization and PO/CO2 copolymerization, a correlation between structure and performance was established on various aspects including activity, dispersity, unsaturation level, and carbonate fraction in the resulting polyols. Ultimately, our study identified highly efficient catalysts that outperformed the state-of-the-art benchmark DMC not only in PO polymerization [DMC-(OAc/OtBu/Cl)(0.59/0.38/0.15)] but also in PO/CO2 copolymerization [DMC-(OAc/OtBu)(0.95/0.08)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hyun Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ryu Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Young Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Uk Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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Hinz Y, Beerwerth J, Böhmer R. Anion dynamics and motional decoupling in a glycerol-choline chloride deep eutectic solvent studied by one- and two-dimensional 35Cl NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28130-28140. [PMID: 37818622 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03668e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-35 is among the few nuclides that provide an experimental handle on the anion dynamics in choline based deep eutectic solvents. By combining several nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, the present work examines the Cl- motions within glyceline, a glycerol : choline chloride 2 : 1 solution, in a large temperature range down to the glass transition temperature Tg. The applied methods include spin relaxometry, second-order line shape analysis, as well as two-dimensional central-transition exchange and stimulated-echo spectroscopy. The finding of unstructured central-transition NMR spectra characterized by a relatively small average quadrupolar coupling attests to a highly disordered, essentially nondirectional anionic coordination in glyceline. For temperatures larger than about 1.3Tg the chlorine motions are well coupled to those of the glycerol and the choline moieties. At lower temperatures the local translational anion dynamics become Arrhenian and increasingly faster than the motion of glyceline's matrix molecules. Upon further cooling, the overall ionic conductivity continues to display a super-Arrhenius behavior, implying that the choline cations rather than the Cl anions dominate the long-range charge transport also near Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Hinz
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Beerwerth
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Graham TR, Nienhuis ET, Reynolds JG, Marcial J, Loring JS, Rosso KM, Pearce CI. Sodium site occupancy and phosphate speciation in natrophosphate are invariant to changes in NaF and Na 3PO 4 concentration. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00868h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of multimodal characterization of Natrophosphate suggests that the crystalline structure is preserved across a range of synthesis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent R. Graham
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Emily T. Nienhuis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Jacob G. Reynolds
- Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Jose Marcial
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - John S. Loring
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Kevin M. Rosso
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Carolyn I. Pearce
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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