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Maitra A, Lake WR, Mohamed A, Edington SC, Das P, Thompson BC, Hammes-Schiffer S, Johnson M, Dawlaty JM. Measuring the Electric Fields of Ions Captured in Crown Ethers. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7458-7465. [PMID: 39008844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Controlling reactivity with electric fields is a persistent challenge in chemistry. One approach is to tether ions at well-defined locations near a reactive center. To quantify fields arising from ions, we report crown ethers that capture metal cations as field sources and a covalently bound vibrational Stark shift probe as a field sensor. We use experiments and computations in both the gas and liquid phases to quantify the vibrational frequencies of the probe and estimate the electric fields from the captured ions. Cations, in general, blue shift the probe frequency, with effective fields estimated to vary in the range of ∼0.2-3 V/nm in the liquid phase. Comparison of the gas and liquid phase data provides insight into the effects of mutual polarization of the molecule and solvent and screening of the ion's field. These findings reveal the roles of charge, local screening, and geometry in the design of tailored electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - William R Lake
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sean C Edington
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Pratyusha Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Bodine M, Rozyyev V, Elam JW, Tokmakoff A, Lewis NHC. Vibrational Probe at the Electrochemical Interface: Dependence on Plasmon Coupling and Potential of the Lineshape in Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:11092-11099. [PMID: 38051916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of vibrational probes at an electrode surface shows promise for studying the structural dynamics at an active electrochemical interface. This interface is a complex environment where the solution structures in response to the applied potential. A strategy for achieving the necessary monolayer sensitivity is to use a plasmonically active electrode, which enhances the electromagnetic fields that produce the spectroscopic response. Here, we show how the coupling between the plasmon and the vibrations of the molecular monolayer impacts the FTIR and 2D IR spectroscopy, with an emphasis on the electrochemical potential difference spectra. We show how mixing between the vibrational and plasmonic states gives rise to the distortions that are observed in these measurements. This provides an important step toward 2D IR measurements of vibrational probes at the electrochemical interface as a tool for probing the structural dynamics in the double layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bodine
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Vepa Rozyyev
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Elam
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas H C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Menachekanian S, Mora Perez C, Pennathur AK, Voegtle MJ, Blauth D, Prezhdo OV, Dawlaty JM. Phenol as a Tethering Group to Gold Surfaces: Stark Response and Comparison to Benzenethiol. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8353-8359. [PMID: 37702751 PMCID: PMC10518863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the adsorption of organic molecules on metals is important in numerous areas of surface science, including electrocatalysis, electrosynthesis, and biosensing. While thiols are commonly used to tether organic molecules on metals, it is desirable to broaden the range of anchoring groups. In this study, we use a combined spectroelectrochemical and computational approach to demonstrate the adsorption of 4-cyanophenols (CPs) on polycrystalline gold. Using the nitrile stretching vibration as a marker, we confirm the adsorption of CP on the gold electrode and compare our results with those obtained for the thiol counterpart, 4-mercaptobenzonitirle (MBN). Our results reveal that CP adsorbs on the gold electrode via the OH linker, as evidenced by the similarity in the direction and magnitude of the nitrite Stark shifts for CP and MBN. This finding paves the way for exploring new approaches to modify electrode surfaces for controlled reactivity. Furthermore, it highlights adsorption on metals as an important step in the electroreactivity of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevan Menachekanian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Carlos Mora Perez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Theoretical
Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center
for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Anuj K. Pennathur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mattew J. Voegtle
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Drew Blauth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jahan M. Dawlaty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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