1
|
Agha A, Waheed W, Stiharu I, Nerguizian V, Destgeer G, Abu-Nada E, Alazzam A. A review on microfluidic-assisted nanoparticle synthesis, and their applications using multiscale simulation methods. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:18. [PMID: 36800044 PMCID: PMC9936499 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) owing to their potential use in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, imaging agents, gene therapy, and vaccines, where recently, lipid nanoparticle mRNA-based vaccines were developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. NPs typically fall into two broad categories: organic and inorganic. Organic NPs mainly include lipid-based and polymer-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, dendrimers, and polymer micelles. Gold and silver NPs, iron oxide NPs, quantum dots, and carbon and silica-based nanomaterials make up the bulk of the inorganic NPs. These NPs are prepared using a variety of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Microfluidics provide an attractive synthesis alternative and is advantageous compared to the conventional bulk methods. The microfluidic mixing-based production methods offer better control in achieving the desired size, morphology, shape, size distribution, and surface properties of the synthesized NPs. The technology also exhibits excellent process repeatability, fast handling, less sample usage, and yields greater encapsulation efficiencies. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the microfluidic-based passive and active mixing techniques for NP synthesis, and their latest developments. Additionally, a summary of microfluidic devices used for NP production is presented. Nonetheless, despite significant advancements in the experimental procedures, complete details of a nanoparticle-based system cannot be deduced from the experiments alone, and thus, multiscale computer simulations are utilized to perform systematic investigations. The work also details the most common multiscale simulation methods and their advancements in unveiling critical mechanisms involved in nanoparticle synthesis and the interaction of nanoparticles with other entities, especially in biomedical and therapeutic systems. Finally, an analysis is provided on the challenges in microfluidics related to nanoparticle synthesis and applications, and the future perspectives, such as large-scale NP synthesis, and hybrid formulations and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Agha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Waqas Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | | | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eiyad Abu-Nada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taresco V, Tulini I, Francolini I, Piozzi A. Polyglycerol Adipate-Grafted Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles as Carriers for the Antimicrobial Compound Usnic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214339. [PMID: 36430814 PMCID: PMC9693002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems are known to potentially enhance the efficacy of therapeutic agents. As for antimicrobial drugs, therapeutic solutions against drug-resistant microbes are urgently needed due to the worldwide antimicrobial resistance issue. Usnic acid is a widely investigated antimicrobial agent suffering from poor water solubility. In this study, polymer nanoparticles based on polyglycerol adipate (PGA) grafted with polycaprolactone (PCL) were developed as carriers for usnic acid. We demonstrated the potential of the developed systems in ensuring prolonged bactericidal activity against a model bacterial species, Staphylococcus epidermidis. The macromolecular architecture changes produced by PCL grafted from PGA significantly influenced the drug release profile and mechanism. Specifically, by varying the length of PCL arms linked to the PGA backbone, it was possible to tune the drug release from a burst anomalous drug release (high PCL chain length) to a slow diffusion-controlled release (low PCL chain length). The developed nanosystems showed a prolonged antimicrobial activity (up to at least 7 days) which could be used in preventing/treating infections occurring at different body sites, including medical device-related infection and mucosal/skin surface, where Gram-positive bacteria are commonly involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Taresco
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Isotta Tulini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Francolini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonella Piozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.F.); (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pearce AK, O'Reilly RK. Polymers for Biomedical Applications: The Importance of Hydrophobicity in Directing Biological Interactions and Application Efficacy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4459-4469. [PMID: 34495643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have seen significant research effort in the field of polymers for a range of biomedical applications, driven by the promising prospect of these materials for realizing next generation therapeutics in the clinic. In this regard, it is widely accepted that polymer properties such as chemistry, charge, and block composition, as well as properties of their self-assemblies including size, shape, surface chemistry, and biodegradation, all influence and direct their interactions with cells and biological membranes. In particular, polymer hydrophobicity is a property of interest, with growing evidence demonstrating the significant impact that hydrophobic interactions with lipid membranes and proteins can have on biomaterial application efficacy within the body. However, to date, this phenomenon has been relatively underexplored, and therefore there exists no clear universal understanding to direct polymer design. In this Perspective, we highlight important contributions to this field, focusing on seminal studies which investigate experimentally and theoretically how incorporation of hydrophobic moieties within polymer systems can influence their ultimate properties when used in biomedical applications. In this way, we aim to signify future directions in the design of highly performing polymers for biomedicine, making a case for the importance of standardized computational modeling to achieve widely applicable conclusions and facilitate future translational efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dey R, Mukherjee S, Barman S, Haldar J. Macromolecular Nanotherapeutics and Antibiotic Adjuvants to Tackle Bacterial and Fungal Infections. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100182. [PMID: 34351064 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The escalating rise in the population of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens coupled with their biofilm forming ability has struck the global health as nightmare. Alongwith the threat of aforementioned menace, the sluggish development of new antibiotics and the continuous deterioration of the antibiotic pipeline has stimulated the scientific community toward the search of smart and innovative alternatives. In near future, membrane targeting antimicrobial polymers, inspired from antimicrobial peptides, can stand out significantly to combat against the MDR superbugs. Many of these amphiphilic polymers can form nanoaggregates through self-assembly with superior and selective antimicrobial efficacy. Additionally, these macromolecular nanoaggregrates can be utilized to engineer smart antibiotic-delivery system for on-demand drug-release, exploiting the infection site's micoenvironment. This strategy substantially increases the local concentration of antibiotics and reduces the associated off-target toxicity. Furthermore, amphiphilc macromolecules can be utilized to rejuvinate obsolete antibiotics to tackle the drug-resistant infections. This review article highlights the recent developments in macromolecular architecture to design numerous nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, their application in fabricating smart drug delivery systems and their efficacy as antibiotic adjuvants to circumvent antimicrobial resistance. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects are briefly discussed for further exploration and their practical application in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Dey
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Swagatam Barman
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India.,Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pearce AK, Anane‐Adjei AB, Cavanagh RJ, Monteiro PF, Bennett TM, Taresco V, Clarke PA, Ritchie AA, Alexander MR, Grabowska AM, Alexander C. Effects of Polymer 3D Architecture, Size, and Chemistry on Biological Transport and Drug Delivery In Vitro and in Orthotopic Triple Negative Breast Cancer Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000892. [PMID: 33073536 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The size, shape, and underlying chemistries of drug delivery particles are key parameters which govern their ultimate performance in vivo. Responsive particles are desirable for triggered drug delivery, achievable through architecture change and biodegradation to control in vivo fate. Here, polymeric materials are synthesized with linear, hyperbranched, star, and micellar-like architectures based on 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide (HPMA), and the effects of 3D architecture and redox-responsive biodegradation on biological transport are investigated. Variations in "stealth" behavior between the materials are quantified in vitro and in vivo, whereby reduction-responsive hyperbranched polymers most successfully avoid accumulation within the liver, and none of the materials target the spleen or lungs. Functionalization of selected architectures with doxorubicin (DOX) demonstrates enhanced efficacy over the free drug in 2D and 3D in vitro models, and enhanced efficacy in vivo in a highly aggressive orthotopic breast cancer model when dosed over schedules accounting for the biodistribution of the carriers. These data show it is possible to direct materials of the same chemistries into different cellular and physiological regions via modulation of their 3D architectures, and thus the work overall provides valuable new insight into how nanoparticle architecture and programmed degradation can be tailored to elicit specific biological responses for drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Pearce
- School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT UK
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG72RD UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG72RD UK
| | - Phil A. Clarke
- School of Medicine University of Nottingham Nottingham NG72RD UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Francolini I, Piozzi A. Role of Antioxidant Molecules and Polymers in Prevention of Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4882-4904. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190409120409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Antioxidants are multifaceted molecules playing a crucial role in several
cellular functions. There is by now a well-established knowledge about their involvement in numerous
processes associated with aging, including vascular damage, neurodegenerative diseases and
cancer. An emerging area of application has been lately identified for these compounds in relation to
the recent findings indicating their ability to affect biofilm formation by some microbial pathogens,
including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Methods:
A structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature was
performed using a focused review question. The quality of retrieved papers was appraised using
standard tools.
Results:
One hundred sixty-five papers extracted from pubmed database and published in the last
fifteen years were included in this review focused on the assessment of the antimicrobial and antibiofilm
activity of antioxidant compounds, including vitamins, flavonoids, non-flavonoid polyphenols,
and antioxidant polymers. Mechanisms of action of some important antioxidant compounds,
especially for vitamin C and phenolic acids, were identified.
Conclusion:
The findings of this review confirm the potential benefits of the use of natural antioxidants
as antimicrobial/antibiofilm compounds. Generally, gram-positive bacteria were found to be
more sensitive to antioxidants than gram-negatives. Antioxidant polymeric systems have also been
developed mainly derived from functionalization of polysaccharides with antioxidant molecules.
The application of such systems in clinics may permit to overcome some issues related to the systemic
delivery of antioxidants, such as poor absorption, loss of bioactivity, and limited half-life.
However, investigations focused on the study of antibiofilm activity of antioxidant polymers are still
very limited in number and therefore they are strongly encouraged in order to lay the foundations for
application of antioxidant polymers in treatment of biofilm-based infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Francolini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Piozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5 - 00185, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Styliari ID, Taresco V, Theophilus A, Alexander C, Garnett M, Laughton C. Nanoformulation-by-design: an experimental and molecular dynamics study for polymer coated drug nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19521-19533. [PMID: 35515456 PMCID: PMC9054057 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies of drug–polymer nanoparticle formation combined with molecular dynamics simulations provide atomistic explanations for the high drug loadings obtained.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Jafarzadeh-Holagh S, Hashemi-Najafabadi S, Shaki H, Vasheghani-Farahani E. Self-assembled and pH-sensitive mixed micelles as an intracellular doxorubicin delivery system. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 523:179-190. [PMID: 29621645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have been explored extensively in cancer therapy. Among the vast number of different nanocarrier systems applied to deliver chemotherapeutics to cancer tumor, intelligent systems which deliver drug to various sites in the body have attracted considerable attentions. Finding a specific stimulant that triggers the carrier to release its payload in the target tissue is a key parameter for efficacy of delivery systems. Acidic pH of cancer tumor helps a pH-sensitive carrier to release drug at the tumor site. In this study, a pH-sensitive mixed micellar system was developed using Dextran-Stearic Acid (Dex-SA) and Dextran-Histidine (Dex-His) conjugated polymers to deliver doxorubicin (DOX) to cancer cells. Drug release from this micellar system showed higher release rate at acidic pH than that of in neutral environment, where the release was 56 and 76% at pH 7.4 and acidic pH, respectively. Finally, the in vitro cytotoxicity and cell uptake of DOX-loaded micelles and free DOX on U87 MG cell line showed that micellar systems had more anti-proliferation effect and uptake compared to free drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Jafarzadeh-Holagh
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sameereh Hashemi-Najafabadi
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shaki
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Vasheghani-Farahani
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Francolini I, Vuotto C, Piozzi A, Donelli G. Antifouling and antimicrobial biomaterials: an overview. APMIS 2017; 125:392-417. [PMID: 28407425 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of implantable medical devices is a common and indispensable part of medical care for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, as side effect, the implant of medical devices quite often leads to the occurrence of difficult-to-treat infections, as a consequence of the colonization of their abiotic surfaces by biofilm-growing microorganisms increasingly resistant to antimicrobial therapies. A promising strategy to combat device-related infections is based on anti-infective biomaterials that either repel microbes, so they cannot attach to the device surfaces, or kill them in the surrounding areas. In general, such biomaterials are characterized by antifouling coatings, exhibiting low adhesion or even repellent properties towards microorganisms, or antimicrobial coatings, able to kill microbes approaching the surface. In this light, the present overview will address the development in the last two decades of antifouling and antimicrobial biomaterials designed to potentially limit the initial stages of microbial adhesion, as well as the microbial growth and biofilm formation on medical device surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Vuotto
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zaki AM, Troisi A, Carbone P. Unexpected Like-Charge Self-Assembly of a Biguanide-Based Antimicrobial Polyelectrolyte. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3730-3735. [PMID: 27598701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte chains dissolved in good solvent are expected to collapse in compact configurations in the presence of multivalent ions. Here, we show that a weakly charged, hydrophilic polyelectrolyte containing biguanide groups self-assembles in water also in the presence of monovalent counterions, even at low salt concentrations. The polymer assembles in a compact, ordered, hairpin-like shape that, with increasing the ionic strength of the solution, can collapse further in three- or five-folded structures. Neither water nor ions mediate the self-assembly which, instead, is driven by the like-charge pairing of the biguanide units. The thermodynamics of the self-assembly show that the self-association is enthalpically driven, is isodesmic (at least at low aggregation number), and is favored by increasing salt concentration. This unique self-assembly behavior may be linked to the well-known polymer's antimicrobial properties and could help in rationalizing its biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Maria Zaki
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Carbone
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Siala W, Van Bambeke F, Taresco V, Piozzi A, Francolini I. Synergistic activity between an antimicrobial polyacrylamide and daptomycin versusStaphylococcus aureusbiofilm. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw042. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
14
|
Ramezanpour M, Leung SSW, Delgado-Magnero KH, Bashe BYM, Thewalt J, Tieleman DP. Computational and experimental approaches for investigating nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1688-709. [PMID: 26930298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most therapeutic agents suffer from poor solubility, rapid clearance from the blood stream, a lack of targeting, and often poor translocation ability across cell membranes. Drug/gene delivery systems (DDSs) are capable of overcoming some of these barriers to enhance delivery of drugs to their right place of action, e.g. inside cancer cells. In this review, we focus on nanoparticles as DDSs. Complementary experimental and computational studies have enhanced our understanding of the mechanism of action of nanocarriers and their underlying interactions with drugs, biomembranes and other biological molecules. We review key biophysical aspects of DDSs and discuss how computer modeling can assist in rational design of DDSs with improved and optimized properties. We summarize commonly used experimental techniques for the study of DDSs. Then we review computational studies for several major categories of nanocarriers, including dendrimers and dendrons, polymer-, peptide-, nucleic acid-, lipid-, and carbon-based DDSs, and gold nanoparticles. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Proteins edited by J.C. Gumbart and Sergei Noskov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ramezanpour
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - S S W Leung
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - K H Delgado-Magnero
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - B Y M Bashe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - J Thewalt
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - D P Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Crisante F, Taresco V, Donelli G, Vuotto C, Martinelli A, D’Ilario L, Pietrelli L, Francolini I, Piozzi A. Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol-Based Polyacrylate with Antimicrobial and Antiadhesive Activity Versus Staphylococcus Epidermidis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 901:25-36. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|