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Li Y, Schwab NL, Briber RM, Dura JA, Nguyen TV. Modification of Nafion's nanostructure for the water management of
PEM
fuel cells. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - Natalie L. Schwab
- Materials Science and Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research Gaithersburg Gaithersburg Maryland USA
| | - Robert M. Briber
- Materials Science and Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Joseph A. Dura
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research Gaithersburg Gaithersburg Maryland USA
| | - Trung Van Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
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2
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Zhu Z, Paddison SJ. Perspective: Morphology and ion transport in ion-containing polymers from multiscale modeling and simulations. Front Chem 2022; 10:981508. [PMID: 36059884 PMCID: PMC9437359 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.981508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers are soft materials composed of polymeric chains and mobile ions. Over the past several decades they have been the focus of considerable research and development for their use as the electrolyte in energy conversion and storage devices. Recent and significant results obtained from multiscale simulations and modeling for proton exchange membranes (PEMs), anion exchange membranes (AEMs), and polymerized ionic liquids (polyILs) are reviewed. The interplay of morphology and ion transport is emphasized. We discuss the influences of polymer architecture, tethered ionic groups, rigidity of the backbone, solvents, and additives on both morphology and ion transport in terms of specific interactions. Novel design strategies are highlighted including precisely controlling molecular conformations to design highly ordered morphologies; tuning the solvation structure of hydronium or hydroxide ions in hydrated ion exchange membranes; turning negative ion-ion correlations to positive correlations to improve ionic conductivity in polyILs; and balancing the strength of noncovalent interactions. The design of single-ion conductors, well-defined supramolecular architectures with enhanced one-dimensional ion transport, and the understanding of the hierarchy of the specific interactions continue as challenges but promising goals for future research.
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Development of a proton exchange membrane based on trifluoromethanesulfonylimide-grafted polybenzimidazole. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Su GM, Cordova IA, Yandrasits MA, Lindell M, Feng J, Wang C, Kusoglu A. Chemical and Morphological Origins of Improved Ion Conductivity in Perfluoro Ionene Chain Extended Ionomers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13547-13561. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Su
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Isvar A. Cordova
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | - Jun Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Barnes AM, Du Y, Zhang W, Seifert S, Buratto SK, Coughlin EB. Phosphonium-Containing Block Copolymer Anion Exchange Membranes: Effect of Quaternization Level on Bulk and Surface Morphologies at Hydrated and Dehydrated States. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin M. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Wenxu Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Soenke Seifert
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Steven K. Buratto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Mukhopadhyay S, Debgupta J, Singh C, Sarkar R, Basu O, Das SK. Designing UiO-66-Based Superprotonic Conductor with the Highest Metal-Organic Framework Based Proton Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13423-13432. [PMID: 30888148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF) based proton conductors have received immense importance recently. The present study endeavors to design two post synthetically modified UiO-66-based MOFs and examines the effects of their structural differences on their proton conductivity. UiO-66-NH2 is modified by reaction with sultones to prepare two homologous compounds, that is, PSM 1 and PSM 2, with SO3H functionalization in comparable extent (Zr:S = 2:1) in both. However, the pendant alkyl chain holding the -SO3H group is of different length. PSM 2 has longer alkyl chain attachment than PSM 1. This difference in the length of side arms results in a huge difference in proton conductivity of the two compounds. PSM 1 is observed to have the highest MOF-based proton conductivity (1.64 × 10-1 S cm-1) at 80 °C, which is comparable to commercially available Nafion, while PSM 2 shows significantly lower conductivity (4.6 × 10-3 S cm-1). Again, the activation energy for proton conduction is one of the lowest among all MOF-based proton conductors in the case of PSM 1, while PSM 2 requires larger activation energy (almost 3 times). This profound effect of variation of the chain length of the side arm by one carbon atom in the case of PSM 1 and PSM 2 was rather surprising and never documented before. This effect of the length of the side arm can be very useful to understand the proton conduction mechanism of MOF-based compounds and also to design better proton conductors. Besides, PSM 1 showed proton conductivity as high as 1.64 × 10-1 S cm-1 at 80 °C, which is the highest reported value to date among all MOF-based systems. The lability of the -SO3H proton of the post synthetically modified UiO-66 MOFs has theoretically been determined by molecular electrostatic potential analysis and theoretical p Ka calculation of models of functional sites along with relevant NBO analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyashish Debgupta
- School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
| | - Chandani Singh
- School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
| | - Rudraditya Sarkar
- School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
| | - Olivia Basu
- School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
| | - Samar K Das
- School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
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7
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Shrivastava UN, Fritzsche H, Karan K. Interfacial and Bulk Water in Ultrathin Films of Nafion, 3M PFSA, and 3M PFIA Ionomers on a Polycrystalline Platinum Surface. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udit N. Shrivastava
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Helmut Fritzsche
- Material Sciences Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, ON K0J 10J, Canada
| | - Kunal Karan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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8
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Barnes AM, Buratto SK. Imaging Channel Connectivity in Nafion Using Electrostatic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1289-1295. [PMID: 29290118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Channel connectivity is an important material property that is considered in making higher-performance proton-exchange membranes. Our group has previously demonstrated that nearly 50% of the aqueous surface domains in Nafion films do not have a connected path to the opposite side of the membrane. These so-called "dead-end" channels lead to a loss in the conductance efficiency of the membrane. Understanding the structure of these dead-end channels is an important step in improving the conductance of the membrane. Although conductive atomic force microscopy is able to provide insight into the connected channels, it does directly report on the dead-end channels. To address this, we use electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) to probe channel connectivity in a Nafion thin film (100-300 nm) under ambient conditions. EFM provided an image of the capacitive phase shift, which is influenced by surface charge, dielectric permittivity, and tip-sample geometry. We studied several individual channels and measured the quadratic dependence of the EFM signal with the bias voltage. Applying a simple parallel plate model allowed us to assign differences in the EFM signal to particular channel shapes: connected cylindrical channels, dead-end cylinder channels, and bottleneck channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Steven K Buratto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Thanganathan U. Synthesis and characterization of hybrid composite membranes and their properties: Single cell performances based on carbon black catalyst/proton-conducting hybrid composite membrane for H2/O2 fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Bârsan OA, Hoffmann GG, van der Ven LGJ, de With G. Quantitative Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Polymer Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19701-19708. [PMID: 27404764 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) is a valuable technique for correlating the electrical properties of a material with its topographic features and for identifying and characterizing conductive pathways in polymer composites. However, aspects such as compatibility between tip material and sample, contact force and area between the tip and the sample, tip degradation and environmental conditions render quantifying the results quite challenging. This study aims at finding the suitable conditions for C-AFM to generate reliable, reproducible, and quantitative current maps that can be used to calculate the resistance in each point of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) network, nonimpregnated as well as impregnated with a polymer. The results obtained emphasize the technique's limitation at the macroscale as the resistance of these highly conductive samples cannot be distinguished from the tip-sample contact resistance. Quantitative C-AFM measurements on thin composite sections of 150-350 nm enable the separation of sample and tip-sample contact resistance, but also indicate that these sections are not representative for the overall SWCNT network. Nevertheless, the technique was successfully used to characterize the local electrical properties of the composite material, such as sample homogeneity and resistance range of individual SWCNT clusters, at the nano- and microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana A Bârsan
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld 14, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Günter G Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld 14, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert G J van der Ven
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld 14, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld 14, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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