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Nainwal N, Jawla S, Singh R, Banerjee S, Saharan VA. Solubility-permeability interplay of hydrotropic solubilization of piroxicam. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024; 50:481-494. [PMID: 38717346 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2024.2349576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this research paper, an investigation has been made to assess the simultaneous effect of a solubility enhancement approach, i.e., hydrotropy on the solubility and apparent permeability of piroxicam. The solubility of piroxicam (PRX) a BCS (biopharmaceutics classification system) class II drug has been increased using a mixed hydrotropy approach. This study is based on identifying the pattern of solubility-permeability interplay and confirming whether every solubility gain results in a concomitant decrease in permeability or permeability remains unaffected. METHOD Solid dispersions of PRX were formulated using two hydrotropes, viz., sodium benzoate (SB) and piperazine (PP) by solvent evaporation method. A comprehensive 32factorial design was employed to study the effect of hydrotropes on the solubility and permeability of PRX. Subsequently, PRX tablets containing these solid dispersions were formulated and evaluated. KEY FINDINGS SB and PP displayed a significant increase in the solubility of PRX ranging from 0.99 to 2.21 mg/mL for F1-F9 batches attributed to the synergistic effect of hydrotropes. However, there is a reduction in PRX permeability with increasing hydrotrope levels. The decline in permeability was notably less pronounced compared to the simultaneous rise in aqueous solubility of PRX. CONCLUSION An evident tradeoff between permeability and solubility emerged through the mixed hydrotropic solubilization for PRX. As PRX has generally higher intrinsic permeability, it has been assumed that this permeability loss will not affect the overall absorption of PRX. However, it may affect the absorption of drugs with limited permeability. Therefore, solubility permeability interplay should be investigated during solubility enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Nainwal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sunil Jawla
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Geeta Institute of Pharmacy, Geeta University, Panipat, Haryana, India
| | - Ranjit Singh
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surojit Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vikas Anand Saharan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Guwahati, Assam, India
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2
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Sharma U, Saroha K. A Review of Hydrotropic Solubilization Techniques for Enhancing the Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:63-71. [PMID: 37999970 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231216414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrotropic solubilization is a technique that can be used to improve the solubility of drugs that are poorly soluble. This technique involves adding a large amount of a second solute, known as a hydrotrope, which increases the aqueous solubility of the poorly soluble drug. Hydrotropes such as sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, and urea have been shown to be effective in enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. This technique has several advantages over other solubility enhancement techniques, including its cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and the fact that it does not require chemical modification of hydrophobic drugs or the use of organic solvents. Hydrotropic agents are now being used to develop various dosage forms, including solid dispersions, mouth-dissolving tablets, and injections, to improve poorly water-soluble drugs' therapeutic effectiveness and bioavailability. This review paper will provide an overview of hydrotropic solubilization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddeshya Sharma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Kamal Saroha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
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3
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Moral R, Paul S. Influence of salt and temperature on the self-assembly of cyclic peptides in water: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5406-5422. [PMID: 36723368 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is found in the literature that cyclic peptides (CPs) are able to self-assemble in water to form cyclic peptide nanotubes (CPNTs) and are used extensively in the field of nanotechnology. Several factors influence the formation and stability of these nanotubes in water. However, an extensive study of the contribution of several important factors is still lacking. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of temperature and salt (NaCl) on the association tendency of CPs. Furthermore, the self-association behavior of CPs in aqueous solutions at various temperatures is also thoroughly discussed. Cyclo-[(Asp-D-Leu-Lys-D-Leu)2] is considered for this study and a series of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at three different temperatures, viz. 280 K, 300 K, and 320 K, both in pure water and in NaCl solutions of different concentrations are carried out. The calculations of radial distribution functions, preferential interaction parameters, cluster formation and hydrogen bonding properties suggest a strong influence of NaCl concentration on the association propensity of CPs. Low NaCl concentration hinders CP association while high NaCl concentration facilitates the association of CPs. Besides this, the association of CPs is found to be enhanced at low temperature. Furthermore, the thermodynamics of CP association is predominantly found to be enthalpy driven in both the presence and absence of salt. No crossover between enthalpy and entropy in CP association is observed. In addition, the MM-GBSA method is used to investigate the binding free energies of the CP rings that self-assembled to form nanotube like structures at all three temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimjhim Moral
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Assam, 781039, India.
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Luo H, Yao H, Wang X, Liang X, Li B, Liu H, Li Y. Selective recovery of lithium from mother liquor of Li2CO3 by synergistic hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents: Performance and mechanistic insight. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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5
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Devi M, Paul S. The chaotropic effect of ions on the self-aggregating propensity of Whitlock's molecular tweezers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14452-14471. [PMID: 35661176 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00033d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular tweezers feature the first class of artificial receptors to pique the interest of researchers and emerge as an effective therapeutic candidate. The exceptional structure and exquisite binding specificity of tweezers establish this overall class of receptors as a promising tool, with abundant applications. However, their inclination to self-aggregate by mutual π-π stacking interactions of their aromatic arms diminishes their efficacy as a therapeutic candidate. Therefore, following up on sporadic studies, since the discovery of the Hofmeister series, on the ability of ions to either solvate (salting-in) or induce aggregation (salting-out) of hydrophobic solutes, the notions of ion-specificity effects are utilized on tweezer moieties. The impacts of three different aluminum salts bearing anions Cl-, ClO4- and SCN- on the self-association propensity of Whitlock's caffeine-pincered molecular tweezers are investigated, with a specific emphasis placed on elucidating the varied behavior of the ions on the hydration ability of tweezers. The comparative investigation is conducted employing a series of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of five tweezer molecules in pure water and three salt solutions, at two different concentrations each, maintaining a temperature of 300 K and a pressure of 1 atm, respectively. Radial distribution functions, coordination numbers, and SASA calculations display a steady reduction in the aggregation proclivity of the receptor molecules with an increase in salt concentration, as progressed along the Hofmeister series. Orientational preferences between the tweezer arms reveal a disruptive effect in the regular π-π stacking interactions, in the presence of high concentrations of ClO4- and SCN- ions, while preferential interactions and tetrahedral order parameters unveil the underlying mechanism, by which the anions alter the solubility of the hydrophobic molecules. Overall, it is observed that SCN- exhibits the highest salting-in effect, followed by ClO4-, with both anions inhibiting tweezer aggregation through different mechanisms. ClO4- ions impart an effect by moderately interacting with the solute molecules as well as modifying the water structure of the bulk solution promoting solvation, whereas, SCN- ions engage entirely in interaction with specific tweezer sites. Cl- being the most charge-dense of the three anionic species experiences stronger hydration and therefore, imparts a very negligible salting-in effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Assam, 781039, India.
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6
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Patel AD, Desai MA. Progress in the field of hydrotropy: mechanism, applications and green concepts. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sustainability and greenness are the concepts of growing interest in the area of research as well as industries. One of the frequently encountered challenges faced in research and industrial fields is the solubility of the hydrophobic compound. Conventionally organic solvents are used in various applications; however, their contribution to environmental pollution, the huge energy requirement for separation and higher consumption lead to unsustainable practice. We require solvents that curtail the usage of hazardous material, increase the competency of mass and energy and embrace the concept of recyclability or renewability. Hydrotropy is one of the approaches for fulfilling these requirements. The phenomenon of solubilizing hydrophobic compound using hydrotrope is termed hydrotropy. Researchers of various fields are attracted to hydrotropy due to its unique physicochemical properties. In this review article, fundamentals about hydrotropes and various mechanisms involved in hydrotropy have been discussed. Hydrotropes are widely used in separation, heterogeneous chemical reactions, natural product extraction and pharmaceuticals. Applications of hydrotropes in these fields are discussed at length. We have examined the significant outcomes and correlated them with green engineering and green chemistry principles, which could give an overall picture of hydrotropy as a green and sustainable approach for the above applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash D. Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology , Surat 395007 , Gujarat , India
| | - Meghal A. Desai
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology , Surat 395007 , Gujarat , India
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Fan D, Xie X, Li C, Liu X, Zhong J, Ouyang X, Liu Q, Qiu X. Extraction of Noncondensed Lignin from Poplar Sawdusts with p-Toluenesulfonic Acid and Ethanol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10838-10847. [PMID: 34515475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The traditional pretreatment leads to the recalcitration of C-C bonds during lignin fractionation, thus hindering their depolymerization into aromatic monomers. It is essential to develop an applicable approach to extract noncondensed lignin for its high-value applications. In this work, noncondensed lignins were extracted from poplar sawdust using recyclable p-toluenesulfonic acid for cleaving lignin-carbohydrate complex bonds effectively and ethanol as a stabilization reagent to inhibit lignin condensation. Lignin yield of 83.74% was recovered by 3 mol/L acid in ethanol at 85 °C for 5 h, and carbohydrates were well preserved (retaining 98.97% cellulose and 50.01% hemicelluloses). During lignin fractionation, the acid concentration and extraction time were the major drivers of condensation. Ethanol reacted with lignin at the α-position to prevent the formation of the condensed structure. The extracted lignin depolymerized over the Pd/C catalysts gave a yield of 50.35% of aromatic monomers, suggesting that the novel extraction process provided a promising way for noncondensed lignin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Xie
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Canxin Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhong
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Ouyang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qiyu Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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8
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Chattaraj KG, Paul S. Underlying Mechanisms of Allopurinol in Eliminating Renal Toxicity Induced by Melamine-Uric Acid Complex Formation: A Computational Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2054-2069. [PMID: 34410109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics, we address uric acid (UA) replacement by a model small-molecule inhibitor, allopurinol (AP), from its aggregated cluster in a columnar fashion. Experimentally it has been affirmed that AP is efficient in preventing UA-mediated renal stone formation. However, no study has presented the underlying mechanisms yet. Hence, a theoretical approach is presented for mapping the AP, which binds to melamine (MM) and UA clusters. In AP's presence, the higher-order cluster of UA molecules turns into a lower-order cluster, which "drags" fewer MM to them. Consequently, the MM-UA composite structure gets reduced. It is worth noting that UA-AP and AP-MM hydrogen-bonding interactions often play an essential role in reducing the UA-MM cluster size. Interestingly, an AP around UA makes a pillar-like structure, confirmed by defining the point-plane distribution function. The decomposition of the preferential interaction by Kirkwood-Buff integral into different angles like 0°-30°, 30°-60°, and 60°-90° firmly establishes the phenomenon mentioned above. However, the structural order for such π-stacking interactions between AP and UA molecules is not hierarchical but rather more spontaneous. The driving force behind UA-AP-MM composite formation is the favorable complexation energy that can be inferred by computing pairwise binding free energies for all possible combinations. Performing enhanced sampling and quantum calculations further confirms the evidence for UA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Assam-781039, India
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9
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Zhu J, Chen L, Cai C. Acid Hydrotropic Fractionation of Lignocelluloses for Sustainable Biorefinery: Advantages, Opportunities, and Research Needs. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3031-3046. [PMID: 34033701 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This Minireview provides a comprehensive discussion on the potential of using acid hydrotropes for sustainably fractionating lignocelluloses for biorefinery applications. Acid hydrotropes are a class of acids that have hydrotrope properties toward lignin, which helps to solubilize lignin in aqueous systems. With the capability of cleaving ether and ester bonds and even lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) linkages, these acid hydrotropes can therefore isolate lignin embedded in the plant biomass cell wall and subsequently solubilize the isolated lignin in aqueous systems. Performances of two acid hydrotropes, that is, an aromatic sulfonic acid [p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH)] and a dicarboxylic acid [maleic acid (MA)], in terms of delignification and dissolution of hemicelluloses, and reducing lignin condensation, were evaluated and compared. The advantages of lignin esterification by MA for producing cellulosic sugars through enzymatic hydrolysis and lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) through mechanical fibrillation from the fractionated water insoluble solids (WIS), and for obtaining less condensed lignin with light color, were demonstrated. The excellent enzymatic digestibility of maleic acid hydrotropic fractionation WISs was also demonstrated by comparing with WISs from other fractionation processes. The recyclability and reusability of acid hydrotropes were also reviewed. Finally, perspectives on future research needs to address key technical issues for commercialization were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Zhu
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Liheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Cai
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
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10
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Chattaraj KG, Paul S. The miscibility and solubility of uric acid and vitamin C in the solution phase and their structural alignment in the solid-liquid interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15169-15182. [PMID: 34227626 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01504d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization of uric acid (UA) in humans is correlated with unpropitious medical predicaments, including gout and kidney stone germination. Its comparatively low solubility in physiological solutions is a significant contributory factor to UA biomineralization. The inhibition of UA aggregation is investigated as a reasonable approach for reducing kidney and gout-related problems. Therefore, we examine the role of vitamin C (Vit-C), a water-soluble vitamin, in the aggregation of UA, and its potency in solubilizing UA has been confirmed experimentally. We notice that Vit-C encapsulates the aggregated UA. Moreover, it can dismantle the assemblies of UA. We have proffered comprehensive molecular mechanisms of the interplay between the aggregated UA and Vit-C. Vit-C molecules are interspersed in solution due to its non-aggregating nature. We perceive that, through hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking interactions, Vit-C molecules interact with UA molecules. The determination of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters suggests that the presence of Vit-C enhances the solubility of UA aggregates. In addition, UA molecules are conformed on a monolayer graphene sheet, where they are assembled to create a 2D self-assembly. Vit-C, however, encapsulates and disseminates itself within the aggregated UA molecules on the surface. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of the impact of Vit-C on UA aggregation can provide relevant insights into drug design against chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Paul R, Mitra A, Paul S. Phase separation property of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-water binary mixture: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:244504. [PMID: 34241334 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have earned applicability in numerous fields as non-flammable, non-volatile, and greener alternatives to conventional organic solvents. In a first of its kind, a hydrophobic DES composed of a 1:1 mixture of oleic acid and lidocaine was recently reported, possessing a lower critical solution temperature in water. The thermoreversible phase property of this DES-water system was utilized to sequester out dye molecules from their aqueous solutions. In this article, we explore the phase separation phenomena for this particular DES in its aqueous solution using an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. A 50 wt. % solution of the DES in water was studied at three different temperatures (253, 293, and 313 K) to understand the various molecular interactions that dictate the phase segregation property of these systems. In this work, we have elaborated on the importance of hydrogen bonding interactions and the non-bonding interactions between the components and the competition between the two that leads to phase separation. Overall, we observe that the increase in unfavorable interaction between the DES components and water with increasing temperature determines the phase separation behavior. We have also studied the modification in the dynamical properties of water molecules close to the phase boundary. Such molecular insights would be beneficial for designing novel solvent systems that can be used as extraction-based media in industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Aritra Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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12
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Paul R, Chattaraj KG, Paul S. Role of Hydrotropes in Sparingly Soluble Drug Solubilization: Insight from a Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Perspectives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4745-4762. [PMID: 33853331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug molecules' therapeutic efficacy depends on their bioavailability and solubility. But more than 70% of the formulated drug molecules show limited effectiveness due to low water solubility. Thus, the water solubility enhancement technique of drug molecules becomes the need of time. One such way is hydrotropy. The solubilizing agent of a hydrophobic molecule is generally referred to as a hydrotrope, and this phenomenon is termed hydrotropy. This method has high industrial demand, as hydrotropes are noninflammable, readily available, environmentally friendly, quickly recovered, cost-effective, and not involved in solid emulsification. The endless importance of hydrotropes in industry (especially in the pharmaceutical industry) motivated us to prepare a feature article with a clear introduction, detailed mechanistic insights into the hydrotropic solubilization of drug molecules, applications in pharma industries, and some future directions of this technique. Thus, we believe that this feature article will become an adequate manual for the pharmaceutical researchers who want to explore all of the past perspectives of the hydrotropic action of hydrotropes in pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | | | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Chattaraj KG, Paul S. Investigation on the Mechanisms of Synchronous Interaction of K 3Cit with Melamine and Uric Acid That Avoids the Formation of Large Clusters. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4827-4844. [PMID: 32786693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) has an enormous competence to aggregate over melamine (Mel), producing large UA clusters that "drag" Mel toward them. Such a combination of donor-acceptor pairs provides a robust Mel-UA composite, thereby denoting a high complexity. Thus, a straightforward but pragmatic methodology might indeed require either destruction of the aggregation of UA or impediment of the hydrogen-bonded cluster of Mel and UA. Here, potassium citrate (K3Cit) is used as a potent inhibitor for a significant decrease of large UA-Mel clusters. The underlying mechanisms of synchronous interactions between K3Cit and the Mel-UA pair are examined by the classical molecular dynamics simulation coupled with the enhanced sampling method. K3Cit binds to the Mel-UA pair profoundly to produce a Mel-UA-K3Cit complex with favorable complexation energy (as indicated by the reckoning of pairwise ΔGbind° employing the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method). The strength of interaction follows the order UA-K3Cit > Mel-K3Cit > Mel-UA, thus clearly demonstrating the instability caused by upsetting the π-stacking of UA and hydrogen bonding of Mel-UA simultaneously. The comprehensive, strategically designed "direct approach" and "indirect approach" cluster structure analysis shows that K3Cit reduces the direct approach Mel-UA cluster size significantly irrespective of ensemble variation. Furthermore, the estimation of potentials of mean force (PMFs) reveals that the (UA)decamer-Mel interaction prevails over (UA)tetramer-Mel. The dynamic property (dimer existence autocorrelation functions) proves the essence of dimerization between Mel and UA in the absence and presence of K3Cit. Moreover, the calculation of the preferential interaction parameter provides the concentration at which Mel-K3Cit and UA-K3Cit interactions are predominant over the interaction of Mel and UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Gopal Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Patel AD, Desai MA. Aggregation Behavior and Thermodynamic Studies of Hydrotropes: A Review. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Under the aspect of strict environmental regulations, hydrotropy is accepted as an environmentally friendly (“green”) approach to solubilise hydrophobic compounds. Above the minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC), hydrotropes are capable of self-aggregation; the MHC is considered the minimum requirement for solubilisation. In this article a comprehensive overview of the aggregation behaviour of different hydrotropes is presented. Details about the methods used for aggregation are given. The role of additives is discussed with respect to their influence on the MHC. Thermodynamic studies are used to evaluate the stability of a hydrotrope at different temperatures. A modern approach to the solubilization mechanism using hydrotropes is also presented in this review article. The aim of this article is to provide guidance for conducting such studies on a number of hydrotropes.
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Chattaraj KG, Paul S. Inclusion of Theobromine Modifies Uric Acid Aggregation with Possible Changes in Melamine–Uric Acid Clusters Responsible for Kidney Stones. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10483-10504. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India-781039
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16
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Chattaraj KG, Paul S. Underlying mechanistic insights into the structural properties of melamine and uric acid complexes with compositional variation under ambient conditions. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5094220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Cheng J, Hirth K, Ma Q, Zhu J, Wang Z, Zhu JY. Toward Sustainable and Complete Wood Valorization by Fractionating Lignin with Low Condensation Using an Acid Hydrotrope at Low Temperatures (≤80 °C). Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Cheng
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab Pulp & Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Kolby Hirth
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Qianli Ma
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- State Key Lab Pulp and Paper Eng., South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junjun Zhu
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab Pulp & Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaojiang Wang
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - J. Y. Zhu
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
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Chen W, Cheng CA, Lee BY, Clemens DL, Huang WY, Horwitz MA, Zink JI. Facile Strategy Enabling Both High Loading and High Release Amounts of the Water-Insoluble Drug Clofazimine Using Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31870-31881. [PMID: 30160469 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanocarriers to deliver poorly soluble drugs to the sites of diseases is an attractive and general method, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are increasingly being used as carriers. However, both loading a large amount of drugs into the pores and still being able to release the drug is a challenge. In this paper, we demonstrate a general strategy based on a companion molecule that chaperones the drug into the pores and also aids it in escaping. A common related strategy is to use a miscible co-solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), but although loading may be efficient in DMSO, this co-solvent frequently diffuses into an aqueous environment, leaving the drug behind. We demonstrate the method by using acetophenone (AP), an FDA-approved food additive as the chaperone for clofazimine (CFZ), a water-insoluble antibiotic used to treat leprosy and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. AP enables a high amount of CFZ cargo into the MSNs and also carries CFZ cargo out from the MSNs effectively when they are in an aqueous biorelevant environment. The amount of loading and the CFZ release efficiency from MSNs were optimized; 4.5 times more CFZ was loaded in MSNs with AP than that with DMSO and 2300 times more CFZ was released than that without the assistance of the AP. In vitro treatment of macrophages infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the optimized CFZ-loaded MSNs killed the bacteria in the cells in a dose-dependent manner. These studies demonstrate a highly efficient method for loading nanoparticles with water-insoluble drug molecules and the efficacy of the nanoparticles in delivering drugs into eukaryotic cells in aqueous media.
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Das S, Paul S. Exploring the binding sites and binding mechanism for hydrotrope encapsulated griseofulvin drug on γ-tubulin protein. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190209. [PMID: 29324869 PMCID: PMC5764265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein γ-tubulin plays an important role in centrosomal clustering and this makes it an attractive therapeutic target for treating cancers. Griseofulvin, an antifungal drug, has recently been used to inhibit proliferation of various types of cancer cells. It can also affect the microtubule dynamics by targeting the γ-tubulin protein. So far, the binding pockets of γ-tubulin protein are not properly identified and the exact mechanism by which the drug binds to it is an area of intense speculation and research. The aim of the present study is to investigate the binding mechanism and binding affinity of griseofulvin on γ-tubulin protein using classical molecular dynamics simulations. Since the drug griseofulvin is sparingly soluble in water, here we also present a promising approach for formulating and achieving delivery of hydrophobic griseofulvin drug via hydrotrope sodium cumene sulfonate (SCS) cluster. We observe that the binding pockets of γ-tubulin protein are mainly formed by the H8, H9 helices and S7, S8, S14 strands and the hydrophobic interactions between the drug and γ-tubulin protein drive the binding process. The release of the drug griseofulvin from the SCS cluster is confirmed by the coordination number analysis. We also find hydrotrope-induced alteration of the binding sites of γ-tubulin protein and the weakening of the drug-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhadip Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
- * E-mail:
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20
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Improving Dissolution Rate of Carbamazepine-Glutaric Acid Cocrystal Through Solubilization by Excess Coformer. Pharm Res 2017; 35:4. [PMID: 29288433 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of soluble cocrystals is a promising strategy for delivering poorly soluble drugs. However, precipitation of poorly soluble crystal form during dissolution hinders the successful tablet development of cocrystals. This work was aimed to understand the mechanisms for improving dissolution performance of a soluble cocrystals by using excess coformer. METHODS A highly soluble carbamazepine (CBZ) cocrystal with- glutaric acid (GLA) was studied. Impact of excess GLA on solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) was assessed. Viscosity of GLA solutions was also measured. Solid form of powders and pellets was examined using powder X-ray diffractometry. IDRs of cocrystal and GLA mixtures in different ratios were measured to identify a suitable formulation for maintaining high dissolution rate of CBZ-GLA in an aqueous environment. RESULTS IDR of CBZ-GLA in a pH 1.2 HCl solution was improved when GLA was present in the solution. Precipitation of CBZ·2H2O was eliminated when GLA concentration was ≥100 mg/mL. The improved IDR was accompanied by higher solubility of CBZ in GLA solution and increased solution viscosity. The trend in IDR profile matched well with the solubility profile normalized by solution viscosity. Mixture of cocrystal and GLA led to improved IDR in simulated intestinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS The excess GLA increased the aqueous solubility of CBZ·2H2O and, thereby, reduced the propensity to precipitation of CBZ·2H2O during dissolution by lowering the degree of supersaturation. This strategy allowed development of a CBZ-GLA formulation with a significantly enhanced dissolution rate than CBZ-GLA.
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Das S, Paul S. Hydrotropic Solubilization of Sparingly Soluble Riboflavin Drug Molecule in Aqueous Nicotinamide Solution. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8774-8785. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhadip Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati,Assam 781039, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati,Assam 781039, India
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22
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Chen L, Dou J, Ma Q, Li N, Wu R, Bian H, Yelle DJ, Vuorinen T, Fu S, Pan X, Zhu J(J. Rapid and near-complete dissolution of wood lignin at ≤80°C by a recyclable acid hydrotrope. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701735. [PMID: 28929139 PMCID: PMC5600535 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of the hydrotropic properties of a recyclable aromatic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH), for potentially low-cost and efficient fractionation of wood through rapid and near-complete dissolution of lignin. Approximately 90% of poplar wood (NE222) lignin can be dissolved at 80°C in 20 min. Equivalent delignification using known hydrotropes, such as aromatic salts, can be achieved only at 150°C or higher for more than 10 hours or at 150°C for 2 hours with alkaline pulping. p-TsOH fractionated wood into two fractions: (i) a primarily cellulose-rich water-insoluble solid fraction that can be used for the production of high-value building blocks, such as dissolving pulp fibers, lignocellulosic nanomaterials, and/or sugars through subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis; and (ii) a spent acid liquor stream containing mainly dissolved lignin that can be easily precipitated as lignin nanoparticles by diluting the spent acid liquor to below the minimal hydrotrope concentration. Our nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the dissolved lignin revealed that p-TsOH can depolymerize lignin via ether bond cleavage and can separate carbohydrate-free lignin from the wood. p-TsOH has a relatively low water solubility, which can facilitate efficient recovery using commercially proven crystallization technology by cooling the concentrated spent acid solution to ambient temperatures to achieve environmental sustainability through recycling of p-TsOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Jinze Dou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Qianli Ma
- Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ruchun Wu
- Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, 188 Daxue East Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, China
| | - Huiyang Bian
- Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daniel J. Yelle
- Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Tapani Vuorinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Shiyu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Junyong (J.Y.) Zhu
- Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Das S, Paul S. Hydrotropic Action of Cationic Hydrotrope p-Toluidinium Chloride on the Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Gliclazide Drug Molecule: A Computational Study. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1461-1473. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhadip Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India 781039
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India 781039
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24
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Role of caffeine as an inhibitor in aggregation of hydrophobic molecules: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Leontidis E. Chaotropic salts interacting with soft matter: Beyond the lyotropic series. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Das S, Paul S. Computer Simulation Studies of the Mechanism of Hydrotrope-Assisted Solubilization of a Sparingly Soluble Drug Molecule. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3540-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhadip Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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