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Witherspoon VJ, Ito K, Snyder CR, Tyagi M, Martin TB, Beaucage PA, Nieuwendaal RC, Vallery RS, Gidley DW, Wilbur JD, Welsh D, Stafford CM, Soles CL. Correlating the Diffusion of Water to Performance in Model Reverse Osmosis Polyamides with Controlled Crosslink Densities. J Memb Sci 2023; 678:10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121670. [PMID: 37465550 PMCID: PMC10350966 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
We systematically reduce the cross-link density of a PA network based on m-phenylene diamine by substituting a fraction of the trifunctional trimesoyl chloride cross-linking agent with a difunctional isophthaloyl analog that promotes chain extension, in order to elucidate robust design cues for improving the polyamide (PA) separation layer in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for desalination. Thin films of these model PA networks are fully integrated into a composite membrane and evaluated in terms of their water flux and salt rejection. By incorporating 15 mol % of the difunctional chain extender, we reduce the cross-link density of the network by a factor of two, which leads to an 80 % increase in the free or unreacted amine content. The resulting swelling of the PA network in liquid water increases by a factor of two accompanied by a 30 % increase in the salt passage through the membrane. Surprisingly, this leads to a 30 % decrease in the overall permeance of water through the membrane. This conundrum is resolved by quantifying the microscopic diffusion coefficient of water inside the PA network with quasi-elastic neutron scattering. In the highest and lowest cross-link density networks, water shows strong signatures of confined diffusion. At short length scales, the water exhibits a translational diffusion that is consistent with the jump-diffusion mechanism. This translational diffusion coefficient is approximately five times slower in the lowest cross-linked density network, consistent with the reduced water permeance. This is interpreted as water molecules interacting more strongly with the increased free amine content. Over longer length scales the water diffusion is confined, exhibiting mobility that is independent of length scale. The length scales of confinement from the quasi-elastic neutron scattering experiments at which this transition from confined to translational diffusion occurs is on the order of (5 to 6) Å , consistent with complementary X-ray scattering, small angle neutron scattering, and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements. The confinement appears to come from heterogeneities in the average inter-atomic distances, suggesting that diffusion occurs by water bouncing between chains and occasionally sticking to the polar functional groups. The results obtained here are compared with similar studies of water diffusion through both rigid porous silicates and ion exchange membranes, revealing robust design cues for engineering high-performance RO membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velencia J. Witherspoon
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
- Current address: Section for Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Science, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Kanae Ito
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
- Current address: Industrial Application Division, Spring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Tyler B. Martin
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Peter A. Beaucage
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Ryan C. Nieuwendaal
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | - David W. Gidley
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Christopher M. Stafford
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Christopher L. Soles
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
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2
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Gagkayeva ZV, Gorshunov BP, Kachesov AY, Motovilov KA. Infrared fingerprints of water collective dynamics indicate proton transport in biological systems. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044409. [PMID: 35590571 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent publications on spectroscopy of water layers in water bridge structures revealed a significant enhancement of the proton mobility and the dielectric contribution of translational vibrations of water molecules in the interfacial layers compared to bulk water. Herewith, the results of long-term studies of proton dynamics in solid-state acids have shown that proton mobility increases significantly with the predominance of hydronium, but not Zundel, cations in the aqueous phase. In the present work, in the light of these data, we reanalyzed our previously published results on broadband dielectric spectroscopy of bovine heart cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin, and the extracellular matrix and filaments of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. We revealed that, just as in water bridges, an increase in electrical conductivity in these systems correlates with an increase in the dielectric contribution of water molecular translational vibrations. In addition, the appearance of spectral signatures of the hydronium cations was observed only in those cases when the system revealed noticeable electrical conductivity due to delocalized charge carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z V Gagkayeva
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russian Federation
| | - B P Gorshunov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russian Federation
| | - A Ye Kachesov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russian Federation
| | - K A Motovilov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russian Federation
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Electrically Induced Liquid–Liquid Phase Transition in a Floating Water Bridge Identified by Refractive Index Variations. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A horizontal electrohydrodynamic (EHD) liquid bridge (also known as a “floating water bridge”) is a phenomenon that forms when high voltage DC (kV·cm−1) is applied to pure water in two separate beakers. The bridge, a free-floating connection between the beakers, acts as a cylindrical lens and refracts light. Using an interferometric set-up with a line pattern placed in the background of the bridge, the light passing through is split into a horizontally and a vertically polarized component which are both projected into the image space in front of the bridge with a small vertical offset (shear). Apart from a 100 Hz waviness due to a resonance effect between the power supply and vortical structures at the onset of the bridge, spikes with an increased refractive index moving through the bridge were observed. These spikes can be explained by an electrically induced liquid–liquid phase transition in which the vibrational modes of the water molecules couple coherently.
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Huang Z, Kaur S, Ahmed M, Prasher R. Water Freezes at Near-Zero Temperatures Using Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrodes under Static Electric Fields. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45525-45532. [PMID: 32914956 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although static electric fields have been effective in controlling ice nucleation, the highest freezing temperature (Tf) of water that can be achieved in an electric field (E) is still uncertain. We performed a systematic study of the effect of an electric field on water freezing by varying the thickness of a dielectric layer and the voltage across it in an electrowetting system. Results show that Tf first increases sharply with E and then reaches saturation at -3.5 °C after a critical value E of 6 × 106 V/m. Using classical heterogeneous nucleation theory, it is revealed that this behavior is due to saturation in the contact angle of the ice embryo with the underlying substrate. Finally, we show that it is possible to overcome this freezing saturation by controlling the uniformity of the electric field using carbon nanotubes. We achieve a Tf of -0.6 °C using carbon nanotube-based electrodes with an E of 3 × 107 V/m. This work sheds new light on the control of ice nucleation and has the potential to impact many applications ranging from food freezing to ice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sumanjeet Kaur
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ravi Prasher
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineeing, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Wexler AD, Woisetschläger J, Reiter U, Reiter G, Fuchsjäger M, Fuchs EC, Brecker L. Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Mapping of Spin Relaxation in Electrically Stressed Glycerol. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22057-22070. [PMID: 32923764 PMCID: PMC7482076 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work discusses nuclear magnetic relaxation effects in glycerol subject to a strong electric field. The methods used are 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), referenced by 9.4 T nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). While MRI allows a glycerol probe to be sampled with a high voltage (HV) of 16 kV applied to the probe, NMR provides precise molecular data from the sample, but the sample cannot be tested under HV. Using MRI, the recording of magnetic relaxation times was possible while HV was applied to the glycerol. NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm that MRI provides a reasonably accurate estimation of temperature. The applied HV was observed to have a negligible effect on the spin-lattice relaxation time T 1, which represents the energy release to the thermal bath or system enthalpy. In contrast to that, the spin-spin relaxation time T 2, which does represent the local entropy of the system, shows a lower response to temperature while the liquid is electrically stressed. These observations point toward a proton population in electrically stressed glycerol that is more mobile than that found in the bulk, an observation that is in agreement with previously published results for water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Wexler
- Wetsus
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden 8911MA, The Netherlands
| | - Jakob Woisetschläger
- Institute
for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics, Working Group Metrology
− Laser Optical Metrology, Graz University
of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25A, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Ursula Reiter
- Division
of General Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Gert Reiter
- Division
of General Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
- Research
& Development, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics
GmbH, Graz 8054, Austria
| | - Michael Fuchsjäger
- Division
of General Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Elmar C. Fuchs
- Wetsus
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden 8911MA, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Brecker
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Teschke O, de Castro JR, Gomes WE, Soares DM. Hydrated excess protons and their local hydrogen bond transport network as measured by translational, librational, and vibrational frequencies. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:234501. [PMID: 31228923 DOI: 10.1063/1.5098314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A clear molecular description of excess hydrated protons and their local hydrogen bond transport network remains elusive. Here, the hydrogen bond network of excess hydrated protons in water bridges was probed by measuring their Raman spectra and comparing them to the spectra of protons in ice and water. The proton vibrational spectrum and the hydrogen bond network translational and librational spectra were recorded. The spectra of the water bridge and water exhibit clear differences, indicating the presence of a structure in water bridges when subjected to an electric field of ∼106 V/m that has not been previously reported. The intermolecular Raman spectrum of the floating water bridge exhibits a hydrogen bond stretching band at 150-250 cm-1, librational bands within the 300-1000 cm-1 spectral range, and a large band at 1500-3000 cm-1, which corresponds to the vibrational signature of excess hydrated protons in the water bridge structure. The excess protons are shown to move predominantly at the air/water interface, and the effect of this distribution is a measurable change in the air/water interfacial tension from ∼80 to ∼32 N/m. Therefore, hydrated protons must have a unique water arrangement that enables them to propagate without sinking into bulk water. This local polarized hydrogen bond network in the interfacial water region is characterized by a translational spectrum similar to that of ice V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Teschke
- Laboratório de Nanoestruturas e Interfaces, Instituto de Física, UNICAMP, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Roberto de Castro
- Laboratório de Nanoestruturas e Interfaces, Instituto de Física, UNICAMP, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wyllerson Evaristo Gomes
- Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Campinas, Faculdade de Quimica, 13012-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - David Mendez Soares
- Laboratório de Nanoestruturas e Interfaces, Instituto de Física, UNICAMP, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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7
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Teschke O, Roberto de Castro J, Valente Filho JF, Soares DM. Hydrated Excess Proton Raman Spectral Densities Probed in Floating Water Bridges. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13977-13983. [PMID: 31458093 PMCID: PMC6645411 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excess proton structures in water remain unclear. The motion and nature of excess protons in water were probed using a supported water bridge structure in electric field (E) with an intensity of ∼106 V/m. The experimental setup generated protons that exhibit a long lifetime. The effect of excess protons in water induced a ∼3% variation in the pH for a 300 V overvoltage at the cathode. The current versus voltage curves show a current space-charge-limited operation. By measuring the space-charge distribution in both the cathode and anode and by adjusting the Mott-Gurney law to the measured excess hydrated proton current and the voltage drop in the cationic space-charge region, the protonic mobility was determined to be ∼200 × 10-8 m2/(V·s) (E ≈ 4 × 106 V/m). This measured mobility, which is typically five times larger than the reported mobility for protons in water, is in agreement with the mechanism outlined by Grotthuss in 1805. The measured mid-Raman spectrum covering 1000-3800 cm-1 range indicates the species character. The hydrated excess proton spectral response through the mid-Raman at 1760 and 3200 cm-1 was attributed to the Zundel complex and the region at ∼2000 to ∼2600 cm-1 response is attributed to the Eigen complex, indicating a core structure simultaneously with a Eigen-like and Zundel-like character, suggesting a rapid fluctuation between these two structures or a new specie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Teschke
- E-mail: . Phone: 55 (19) 3521-4148. Fax: 55 (19) 3521-5637 (O.T.)
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8
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9
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Teschke O, de Castro JR, Valente Filho JF, Soares DM. Protonic charge defect structures in floating water bridges observed as Zundel and Eigen solvation arrangements. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Paulitsch-Fuchs AH, Zsohár A, Wexler AD, Zauner A, Kittinger C, de Valença J, Fuchs EC. Behavioral study of selected microorganisms in an aqueous electrohydrodynamic liquid bridge. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:287-296. [PMID: 29114576 PMCID: PMC5627143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An aqueous electrohydrodynamic (EHD) floating liquid bridge is a unique environment for studying the influence of protonic currents (mA cm-2) in strong DC electric fields (kV cm-1) on the behavior of microorganisms. It forms in between two beakers filled with water when high-voltage is applied to these beakers. We recently discovered that exposure to this bridge has a stimulating effect on Escherichia coli.. In this work we show that the survival is due to a natural Faraday cage effect of the cell wall of these microorganisms using a simple 2D model. We further confirm this hypothesis by measuring and simulating the behavior of Bacillus subtilis subtilis, Neochloris oleoabundans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and THP-1 monocytes. Their behavior matches the predictions of the model: cells without a natural Faraday cage like algae and monocytes are mostly killed and weakened, whereas yeast and Bacillus subtilis subtilis survive. The effect of the natural Faraday cage is twofold: First, it diverts the current from passing through the cell (and thereby killing it); secondly, because it is protonic it maintains the osmotic pressure in the cell wall, thereby mitigating cytolysis which would normally occur due to the low osmotic pressure of the surrounding medium. The method presented provides the basis for selective disinfection of solutions containing different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid H. Paulitsch-Fuchs
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology,
Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical
University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Zsohár
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology,
Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Adam D. Wexler
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology,
Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Zauner
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical
University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens Kittinger
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical
University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joeri de Valença
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology,
Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Elmar C. Fuchs
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology,
Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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Fernandes de Lima VM, Hanke W. Extracellular matrix and its role in conveying glial/neural interactions in health and disease. J Integr Neurosci 2017; 16:93-106. [DOI: 10.3233/jin-170012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Maura Fernandes de Lima
- Centro de Biotecnologia, CNEN-IPEN/SP, Av. Lineu Prestes 2242, Campus USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
- LIM-26 Faculdade de Medicina da USP-SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Hanke
- Membrane Physiology Division, Institute of Physiology 230, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Wexler AD, Drusová S, Woisetschläger J, Fuchs EC. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and collective vibrational modes of liquid water in an inhomogeneous electric field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16281-92. [PMID: 27253197 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07218b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this experiment liquid water is subject to an inhomogeneous electric field (∇(2)Ea≈ 10(10) V m(2)) using a high voltage (20 kV) point-plane electrode system. Using interferometry it was found that the application of a strong electric field gradient to water generates local changes in the refractive index of the liquid, polarizes the surface and creates a downward moving electro-convective jet. A maximum temperature difference of 1 °C is measured in the immediate vicinity of the point electrode. Raman spectroscopy performed on water reveals an enhancement of the vibrational collective modes (3250 cm(-1)) as well as an increase in the local mode (3490 cm(-1)) energy. This bimodal enhancement indicates that the spectral changes are not due to temperature changes. The intense field gradient thus establishes an excited subpopulation of vibrational oscillators far from thermal equilibrium. Delocalization of the collective vibrational mode spatially expands this excited population beyond the microscale. Hindered rotational freedom due to electric field pinning of molecular dipoles retards the heat flow and generates a chemical potential gradient. These changes are responsible for the observed changes in the refractive index and temperature. It is demonstrated that polar liquids can thus support local non-equilibrium thermodynamic transient states critical to biochemical and environmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Wexler
- Applied Water Physics, Wetsus European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, 8911MA Leeuwarden, Netherlands.
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