1
|
Luo P, Zhai Y, Leao JB, Kofu M, Nakajima K, Faraone A, Z Y. Neutron Spin-Echo Studies of the Structural Relaxation of Network Liquid ZnCl 2 at the Structure Factor Primary Peak and Prepeak. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:392-398. [PMID: 33356292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using neutron spin-echo spectroscopy, we studied the microscopic structural relaxation of a prototypical network ionic liquid ZnCl2 at the structure factor primary peak and prepeak. The results show that the relaxation at the primary peak is faster than the prepeak and that the activation energy is ∼33% higher. A stretched exponential relaxation is observed even at temperatures well-above the melting point Tm. Surprisingly, the stretching exponent shows a rapid increase upon cooling, especially at the primary peak, where it changes from a stretched exponential to a simple exponential on approaching the Tm. These results suggest that the appearance of glassy dynamics typical of the supercooled state even in the equilibrium liquid state of ZnCl2 as well as the difference of activation energy at the two investigated length scales are related to the formation of a network structure on cooling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luo
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yanqin Zhai
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Juscelino B Leao
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
| | - Maiko Kofu
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakajima
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Antonio Faraone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-1070, United States
| | - Y Z
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang W, Lu G, Yu J. Composition-dependent microstructure evolution in liquid MgCl2-KCl: A first-principles molecular dynamics study. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
3
|
Liang W, Wu J, Ni H, Lu G, Yu J. First-principles molecular dynamics simulations on the local structure and thermo-kinetic properties of molten magnesium chloride. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Aravindakshan NP, Johnson KE, East ALL. The origin of the conductivity maximum in molten salts. III. Zinc halides. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:034507. [PMID: 31325937 DOI: 10.1063/1.5109138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In a continuing effort to master the reasons for conductivity maxima vs temperature in semicovalent molten halides, the structure and some transport properties of molten zinc halide are examined with ab initio molecular dynamics. Molten zinc halides are a special class of molten salts, being extremely viscous near their melting point (with a glassy state below it) and low electrical conductivity, and since they are also known (ZnI2) or predicted (ZnBr2 and ZnCl2) to exhibit conductivity maxima, they would be useful additional cases to probe, in case the reasons for their maxima are unique. Strong attractive forces in ZnX2 result in tight tetrahedral coordination, and the known mixture of edge-sharing vs corner-sharing ZnX4 tetrahedra is observed. In the series zinc chloride → bromide → iodide, (i) the ratio of edge-sharing vs corner-sharing tetrahedra increases, (ii) the diffusion coefficient of Zn2+ increases, and (iii) the diffusion coefficient of the anion stays roughly constant. A discussion of conductivity, with focus on the Walden product W = ηΛe, is presented. With predicted Haven ratios of 1-15 when heated toward their conductivity maxima, the physical chemistry behind molten zinc halide conductivity does not appear to be fundamentally different from other semicovalent molten halides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil P Aravindakshan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Keith E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Allan L L East
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harris KR. On the Use of the Angell–Walden Equation To Determine the “Ionicity” of Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7014-7023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Harris
- School of Science, The University of New South Wales, P.O.
Box 7916, Canberra BC ACT 2610, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ugwuja CG, Adelowo OO, Ogunlaja A, Omorogie MO, Olukanni OD, Ikhimiukor OO, Iermak I, Kolawole GA, Guenter C, Taubert A, Bodede O, Moodley R, Inada NM, de Camargo ASS, Unuabonah EI. Visible-Light-Mediated Photodynamic Water Disinfection @ Bimetallic-Doped Hybrid Clay Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25483-25494. [PMID: 31268651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a new class of photocatalytic hybrid clay nanocomposites prepared from low-cost sources (kaolinite clay and Carica papaya seeds) doped with Zn and Cu salts via a solvothermal process. X-ray diffraction analysis suggests that Cu-doping and Cu/Zn-doping introduce new phases into the crystalline structure of Kaolinite clay, which is linked to the reduced band gap of kaolinite from typically between 4.9 and 8.2 eV to 2.69 eV for Cu-doped and 1.5 eV for Cu/Zn hybrid clay nanocomposites (Nisar, J.; Århammar, C.; Jämstorp, E.; Ahuja, R. Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 075120). In the presence of solar light irradiation, Cu- and Cu/Zn-doped nanocomposites facilitate the electron-hole pair separation. This promotes the generation of singlet oxygen which in turn improves the water disinfection efficiencies of these novel nanocomposite materials. The nanocomposite materials were further characterized using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, fluorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. The breakthrough times of the nanocomposites for a fixed bed mode of disinfection of water contaminated with 2.32 × 107 cfu/mL E. coli ATCC 25922 under solar light irradiation are 25 h for Zn-doped, 30 h for Cu-doped, and 35 h for Cu/Zn-doped nanocomposites. In the presence of multidrug and multimetal resistant strains of E. coli, the breakthrough time decreases significantly. Zn-only doped nanocomposites are not photocatalytically active. In the absence of light, the nanocomposites are still effective in decontaminating water, although less efficient than under solar light irradiation. Electrostatic interaction, metal toxicity, and release of singlet oxygen (only in the Cu-doped and Cu/Zn-doped nanocomposites) are the three disinfection mechanisms by which these nanocomposites disinfect water. A regrowth study indicates the absence of any living E. coli cells in treated water even after 4 days. These data and the long hydraulic times (under gravity) exhibited by these nanocomposites during photodisinfection of water indicate an unusually high potential of these nanocomposites as efficient, affordable, and sustainable point-of-use systems for the disinfection of water in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olawale O Adelowo
- Department of Microbiology , University of Ibadan , PMB 5116 , Ibadan , Oyo State 200284 , Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Odion O Ikhimiukor
- Department of Microbiology , University of Ibadan , PMB 5116 , Ibadan , Oyo State 200284 , Nigeria
| | - Ievgeniia Iermak
- São Carlos Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400 , São Carlos 13566-590 , Brazil
| | - Gabriel A Kolawole
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zululand , Kwadlangezwa , 3886 , Republic of South Africa
| | | | | | - Olusola Bodede
- School of Chemistry and Physics , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus , Durban , 3630 , South Africa
| | - Roshila Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus , Durban , 3630 , South Africa
| | - Natalia M Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400 , São Carlos 13566-590 , Brazil
| | - Andrea S S de Camargo
- São Carlos Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400 , São Carlos 13566-590 , Brazil
| | - Emmanuel I Unuabonah
- São Carlos Institute of Physics , University of São Paulo , Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400 , São Carlos 13566-590 , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang S, Wan S, Zeng Y, Jiang S, Gong X, You J. In Situ Raman Spectroscopy and DFT Studies of the Li2GeO3 Melt Structure. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5025-5030. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Songming Wan
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shengjie Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoye Gong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jinglin You
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lucas P, Coleman GJ, Venkateswara Rao M, Edwards AN, Devaadithya C, Wei S, Alsayoud AQ, Potter BG, Muralidharan K, Deymier PA. Structure of ZnCl2 Melt. Part II: Fragile-to-Strong Transition in a Tetrahedral Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11210-11218. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lucas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Garrett J. Coleman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Manga Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Angharad N. Edwards
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Chrishani Devaadithya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Shuai Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Abduljabar Q. Alsayoud
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - B. G. Potter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Krishna Muralidharan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Pierre A. Deymier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Swansbury LA, Mountjoy G. A fully tetrahedral and highly corner-sharing network model of ZnCl 2 glass and its comparison to SiO 2 glass. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:044502. [PMID: 28764353 DOI: 10.1063/1.4995248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc chloride, ZnCl2, is intermediate between a strong and a fragile glass former. During computational simulations, it is therefore important to account for ion polarizability. This, together with the lack of suitable interatomic potential parameters, is the likely cause for the lack of modeling studies on ZnCl2 glass which contain a high degree of ZnCl4 tetrahedral units. Through using accurate interatomic potential parameters and applying the adiabatic core-shell model, the first fully tetrahedral model of ZnCl2 glass was obtained. The Cl-Zn-Cl bond angle of 109° reproduced the ideal tetrahedral bond angle, and the calculated total neutron and x-ray structure factors closely replicated experimental findings. While 86% of the ZnCl4 tetrahedral units were corner-sharing, 14% were found to be edge-sharing. This led to two distinct contributions in both the Zn-Cl-Zn bond angle distribution and in the Zn⋯Zn nearest neighbour peaks being seen. These are not apparent in studies based on neutron diffraction. By comparing the intermediate glass former ZnCl2 to the strong glass former SiO2, marked differences in ring statistics became apparent. The Zn-Cl-Zn bond angle of around 110° enabled 3-membered rings to form in significant proportions. In contrast, 3-membered rings were only present in SiO2 glass as defects. By calculating the ZnCl2 and SiO2 partial structure factors, strong similarities became visible after scaling according to nearest neighbour distances. Although it was apparent that the main contributions to the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) came from cation-anion correlations, the relative scaling of the FSDP positions in ZnCl2 and SiO2 glass was not understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Swansbury
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Mountjoy
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Harris KR. Can the Transport Properties of Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids Be Used To Determine Ion Association? J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:12135-12147. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b08381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Harris
- School of Physical, Environmental,
and Mathematical Sciences, University College, University of New South Wales, PO Box
7916, Canberra, BC ACT 2610, Australia
| |
Collapse
|