Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Structural Role of Titanium Oxide in CaO-P2O5-TiO2 Invert Glass

Structures and Dissolution Behaviors of Quaternary CaO-SrO-P2O5-TiO2 Glasses

Calcium phosphate glasses have a high potential for use as biomaterials because their composition is similar to that of the mineral phase of bone. Phosphate glasses can dissolve completely in aqueous solution and can contain various elements owing to their acidity. Thus, the glass can be a candidate for therapeutic ion carriers. Recently, we focused on the effect of strontium ions for bone formation, which exhibited dual effects of stimulating bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption. However, large amounts of strontium ions may induce a cytotoxic effect, and there is a need to control their releasing amount. This work reports fundamental data for designing quaternary CaO-SrO-P₂O₅-TiO₂ glasses with pyro- and meta-phosphate compositions to control strontium ion-releasing behavior. The glasses were prepared by substituting CaO by SrO using the melt-quenching method. The SrO/CaO mixed composition exhibited a mixed cation effect on the glassification degree and ion-releasing behavior, which showed non-linear properties with mixed cation compositions of the glasses. Sr²⁺ ions have smaller field strength than Ca²⁺ ions, and the glass network structure may be weakened by the substitution of CaO by SrO. However, glassification degree and chemical durability of pyro- and meta-phosphate glasses increased with substituted all CaO by SrO. This is because titanium groups in the glasses are closely related to their glass network structure by SrO substitution. The P-O-Ti bonds in pyrophosphate glass series and TiO₄ tetrahedra in metaphosphate glass series increased with substitution by SrO. The titanium groups in the glasses were crosslink and/or coordinate phosphate groups to improve glassification degree and chemical durability. Sr²⁺ ion releasing amount of pyrophosphate glasses with >83% SrO substitution was larger than 0.1 mM at day seven, an amount that reported enhanced bone formation by stimulation of osteogenic markers.

Durable Self-Cleaning Coatings for Architectural Surfaces by Incorporation of TiO₂ Nano-Particles into Hydroxyapatite Films

To prevent soiling of marble exposed outdoors, the use of TiO₂ nano-particles has been proposed in the literature by two main routes, both raising durability issues: (i) direct application to marble surface, with the risk of particle leaching by rainfall; (ii) particle incorporation into inorganic or organic coatings, with the risk of organic coating degradation catalyzed by TiO₂ photoactivity. Here, we investigated the combination of nano-TiO₂ and hydroxyapatite (HAP), previously developed for marble protection against dissolution in rain and mechanical consolidation. HAP-TiO₂ combination was investigated by two routes: (i) sequential application of HAP followed by nano-TiO₂ (“H+T”); (ii) simultaneous application by introducing nano-TiO₂ into the phosphate solution used to form HAP (“HT”). The self-cleaning ability was evaluated before and after prolonged exposure to simulated rain. “H+T” and “HT” coatings exhibited much better resistance to nano-TiO₂ leaching by rain, compared to TiO₂ alone. In “H+T” samples, TiO₂ nano-particles adhere better to HAP (having flower-like morphology and high specific surface area) than to marble. In “HT” samples, thanks to chemical bonds between nano-TiO₂ and HAP, the particles are firmly incorporated in the HAP coating, which protects them from leaching by rain, without diminishing their photoactivity and without being degraded by them.