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Souza JPA, Jacobs AK, Piovan L, Campos RB. Exploring the mechanism of the reductive amination of acetophenones via the Borch approach: the role of the acid catalyst. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3926-3932. [PMID: 38659303 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The energetic viability of several mechanistic variations of the reductive amination of acetophenones via the Borch approach was re-examined through density functional theory calculations. The crucial involvement of the acid catalyst is evident not only in the elimination of water, but also in the initial nucleophilic step. This role increases with the electron-donating capability of the substituent positioned at the para-position of acetophenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P A Souza
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Amanda K Jacobs
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Piovan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Renan B Campos
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, Brazil.
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2
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Yang F, Urban RD, Lorenz J, Griebel J, Koohbor N, Rohdenburg M, Knorke H, Fuhrmann D, Charvat A, Abel B, Azov VA, Warneke J. Control of Intermediates and Products by Combining Droplet Reactions and Ion Soft-Landing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314784. [PMID: 37917653 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite being recognized primarily as an analytical technique, mass spectrometry also has a large potential as a synthetic tool, enabling access to advanced synthetic routes by reactions in charged microdroplets or ionic thin layers. Such reactions are special and proceed primarily at surfaces of droplets and thin layers. Partial solvation of the reactants is usually considered to play an important role for reducing the activation barrier, but many mechanistic details still need to be clarified. In our study, we showcase the synergy between two sequentially applied "preparative mass spectrometry" methods: initiating accelerated reactions within microdroplets during electrospray ionization to generate gaseous ionic intermediates in high abundance, which are subsequently mass-selected and soft-landed to react with a provided reagent on a substrate. This allows the generation of products at a nanomolar scale, amenable to further characterization. In this proof-of-concept study, the contrasting reaction pathways between intrinsically neutral and pre-charged reagents, respectively, both in microdroplets and in layers generated by ion soft-landing are investigated. This provides new insights into the role of partially solvated reagents at microdroplet surfaces for increased reaction rates. Additionally, further insights into reactions of ions of the same polarity under various conditions is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshun Yang
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raphael D Urban
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Lorenz
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nima Koohbor
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Fuhrmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ales Charvat
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Azov
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Johari S, Johan MR, Khaligh NG. Organocatalytic Synthesis of (Hetero)arylidene Malononitriles Using a More Sustainable, Greener, and Scalable Strategy. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:704-716. [PMID: 38231061 DOI: 10.2174/0115701794268766231108110816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE The establishment of a green and sustainable Knoevenagel condensation reaction in organic chemistry is still crucial. This work aimed to provide a newly developed metal-free and halogen-free catalytic methodology for the synthesis of CS and (hetero-) arylidene malononitriles in the laboratory and industrial scale. The Knoevenagel condensation reaction of various carbonyl groups with malononitrile was investigated in ethanol, an ecofriendly medium, in the presence of seven nitrogen-based organocatalysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparative study was conducted using two as-obtained and four commercially available nitrogen-based organocatalysts in Knoevenagel condensation reactions. The synthesis of CS gas (2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile) using a closed catalytic system was optimized based on their efficiency and greener approach. RESULTS The conversion of 100% and excellent yields were obtained in a short time. The products could be crystallized directly from the reaction mixture. After separating pure products, the residue solution was employed directly in the next run without any concentration, activation, purification, or separation. Furthermore, the synthesis of 2-chlorobenzylidenemahmonitrile (CS) was carried out on a large scale using imidazole as a selected nitrogen-based catalyst, afforded crystalline products with 95 ± 2% yield in five consecutive runs. CONCLUSION Energy efficiency, cost saving, greener conditions, using only 5 mol% of organocatalyst, high recyclability of catalyst, prevention of waste, recycling extractant by a rotary evaporator for non-crystallized products, demonstrated the potential commercial production of CS using imidazole in ethanol as an efficient and highly recyclable catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaimi Johari
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Osawa T, Obika S. Synthesis of Coumarin-Conjugated Oligonucleotides via Knoevenagel Condensation to Prepare an Oligonucleotide Library. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:143-148. [PMID: 38296555 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) are attracting attention as a screening tool in the early stages of drug discovery. In the development of DELs, drug candidate compounds are chemically synthesized on barcode DNA. Therefore, it is important to perform the synthesis under mild conditions so as to not damage the DNA. On the other hand, coumarins are gaining increasing research focus not only because they possess excellent fluorescence properties, but also because many medicines contain a coumarin skeleton. Among the various reactions developed for the synthesis of coumarins thus far, Knoevenagel condensation followed by intramolecular cyclization under mild conditions can yield coumarins. In this study, we developed a new synthetic method for preparing a coumarin-conjugated oligonucleotide library via Knoevenagel condensation. The results showed that coumarins substituted at the 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-positions could be constructed on DNA to afford a total of 26 coumarin-conjugated DNAs. Moreover, this method was compatible with enzymatic ligation, demonstrating its utility in DEL synthesis. The developed strategy for the construction of coumarin scaffolds based on Knoevenagel condensation may contribute to the use of DELs in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Osawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University
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5
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Scheurrell K, B Martins IC, Murray C, Emmerling F. Exploring the role of solvent polarity in mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation: in situ investigation and isolation of reaction intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23637-23644. [PMID: 37650575 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02883f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry has proven to be a highly effective method for the synthesis of organic compounds. We studied the kinetics of the catalyst-free Knoevenagel reaction between 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and malononitrile, activated and driven by ball milling. The reaction was investigated in the absence of solvents (neat grinding) and in the presence of solvents with different polarities (liquid-assisted grinding). The reaction was monitored using time-resolved in situ Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Our results indicate a direct relationship between solvent polarity and reaction kinetics, with higher solvent polarity leading to faster product (2-(4-nitrobenzylidone)malononitrile) formation. For the first time, we were able to isolate and determine the structure of an intermediate 2-(hydroxy(4-nitrophenyl)methyl)malononitrile based on PXRD data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Scheurrell
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Inês C B Martins
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Claire Murray
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Ter Harmsel M, Maguire OR, Runikhina SA, Wong ASY, Huck WTS, Harutyunyan SR. A catalytically active oscillator made from small organic molecules. Nature 2023; 621:87-93. [PMID: 37673989 PMCID: PMC10482680 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Oscillatory systems regulate many biological processes, including key cellular functions such as metabolism and cell division, as well as larger-scale processes such as circadian rhythm and heartbeat1-4. Abiotic chemical oscillations, discovered originally in inorganic systems5,6, inspired the development of various synthetic oscillators for application as autonomous time-keeping systems in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry and the biomedical field7-17. Expanding their role beyond that of a pacemaker by having synthetic chemical oscillators periodically drive a secondary function would turn them into significantly more powerful tools. However, this is not trivial because the participation of components of the oscillator in the secondary function might jeopardize its time-keeping ability. We now report a small molecule oscillator that can catalyse an independent chemical reaction in situ without impairing its oscillating properties. In a flow system, the concentration of the catalytically active product of the oscillator shows sustained oscillations and the catalysed reaction is accelerated only during concentration peaks. Augmentation of synthetic oscillators with periodic catalytic action allows the construction of complex systems that, in the future, may benefit applications in automated synthesis, systems and polymerization chemistry and periodic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Ter Harmsel
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver R Maguire
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sofiya A Runikhina
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Albert S Y Wong
- Department of Molecules and Materials, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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7
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R. Yaya A, Girard M, Belkhadem K, Piard R, Decken A, Choinière C, Cloutier PL, Lesage J, Breau L. Synthesis of 3-Alkyl Oxazolidines, Derived from 2-Hydroxymethyl Piperidine, as Analytical Standards for the Analysis of Volatile Aldehydes in the Workplace. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26793-26805. [PMID: 37546669 PMCID: PMC10398864 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexahydro-3-alkyl-3H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridines 4-15 for the quantitative analysis of various aldehydes were obtained in good yield via the condensation reaction of 2-hydroxymethylpiperidine (2-HMP) with aldehydes under mild conditions. When acrolein was used, the bicyclic 17 was obtained. This novel compound has suitable physical characteristics for an analytical standard. The hexahydro-3-vinyl-3H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridine 16 can be obtained at higher temperatures using an excess of acrolein (3 equiv). Following the same procedure as for 16, but with an excess of 2-HMP (2 equiv), a diastereomeric mixture of 18/19, which are both bisadducts of 2-HMP with acrolein, was obtained. The latter mixture can be easily converted into pure 18. Mechanistically, a thorough 1H-NMR study did not show any evidence that the condensation reaction proceeded via an enamine. The reaction probably proceeded through an elusive hemiaminal and fleeting iminium ion, which underwent subsequent cyclization to give hexahydro-3-alkyl-3H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridines 4-16. The reaction pathways for the preparation of 4-18 are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou R. Yaya
- Département
de chimie, Université du Québec
à Montréal, CP. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Martin Girard
- Département
de chimie, Université du Québec
à Montréal, CP. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Karima Belkhadem
- Département
de chimie, Université du Québec
à Montréal, CP. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry University of Sciences and
Technology Mohamed Boudiaf, P.O. Box
1505 El-M’naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria
| | - Rémi Piard
- Département
de chimie, Université du Québec
à Montréal, CP. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department
of Chemistry University of New Brunswick P.O. Box 45222 Fredericton, NB E3A 6E2, Canada
| | - Catherine Choinière
- Institut
de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité
du travail, 505 Ouest De Blvd Maisonneuve, Montréal, Québec H3A 3C2, Canada
| | - Pierre Luc Cloutier
- Institut
de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité
du travail, 505 Ouest De Blvd Maisonneuve, Montréal, Québec H3A 3C2, Canada
| | - Jacques Lesage
- Département
de chimie, Université du Québec
à Montréal, CP. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Livain Breau
- Département
de chimie, Université du Québec
à Montréal, CP. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada
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8
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Chang MY, Guo CR, Ho CH. Knoevenagel Condensation of Acetonedicarboxylates with Aldehydes. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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9
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Killi N, Bartenbach J, Kuckling D. Polymeric Networks Containing Amine Derivatives as Organocatalysts for Knoevenagel Reaction within Continuously Driven Microfluidic Reactors. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030171. [PMID: 36975620 PMCID: PMC10048661 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Knoevenagel reaction is a classic reaction in organic chemistry for the formation of C-C bonds. In this study, various catalytic monomers for Knoevenagel reactions were synthesized and polymerized via photolithography to form polymeric gel dots with a composition of 90% catalyst, 9% gelling agent and 1% crosslinker. Furthermore, these gel dots were inserted into a microfluidic reactor (MFR) and the conversion of the reaction using gel dots as catalysts in the MFR for 8 h at room temperature was studied. The gel dots containing primary amines showed a better conversion of about 83–90% with aliphatic aldehyde and 86–100% with aromatic aldehyde, compared to the tertiary amines (52–59% with aliphatic aldehyde and 77–93% with aromatic aldehydes) which resembles the reactivity of the amines. Moreover, the addition of polar solvent (water) in the reaction mixture and the swelling properties of the gel dots by altering the polymer backbone showed a significant enhancement in the conversion of the reaction, due to the increased accessibility of the catalytic sites in the polymeric network. These results suggested the primary-amine-based catalysts facilitate better conversion compared to tertiary amines and the reaction solvent had a significant influence on organocatalysis to improve the efficiency of MFR.
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10
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Tuersun Y, Du W, Xu Y, Zhao X, Zhu G, Ma J, Lin N. Covalent Immobilization of Natural Biomolecules on Chitin Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1042-1051. [PMID: 36680518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As a highly crystalline and renewable natural polymer nanomaterial, chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) have attracted intense interest in the biomedical field. The structure of a ChNC is composed of an acetylglucosamine unit containing two hydroxyl groups and an acetyl group. The acetyl group can be converted to the active amino group through deacetylation, which is under the condition of maintaining the rod-like morphology and high crystalline property and is beneficial for the following modification and potential application. We investigated the relationship between different treatments and varied crystallinities of the modified ChNC, which obtained surface amino groups and aldehyde groups and retained high crystallinity. The natural biomolecules were covalently immobilized on the surface of the ChNC. The etherification was performed based on the hydroxyl groups. Based on the amino groups and the aldehyde groups, the carboxyamine and Knoevenagel condensation reactions were realized on ChNCs. Finally, natural biomolecule-modified ChNCs showed no or low cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, and high antioxidant properties, which extended their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Hainan Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430070, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, P.R. China
| | - Yueernisa Tuersun
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, P.R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, P.R. China
| | - Ge Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Hainan Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, P.R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Hainan Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430070, P.R. China
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Akhmadiev N, Mescheryakova E, Khayrullina V, Khalilov L, Akhmetova V. DOS
strategy, crystal structure, and in silico evaluation of the anti‐inflammatory activity of hydroxysulfanylazole derivatives. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nail Akhmadiev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of the Russian Academy of Sciences Ufa Russia
| | | | | | - Leonard Khalilov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of the Russian Academy of Sciences Ufa Russia
| | - Vnira Akhmetova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of the Russian Academy of Sciences Ufa Russia
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12
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Novel Pyridinium Based Ionic Liquid Promoter for Aqueous Knoevenagel Condensation: Green and Efficient Synthesis of New Derivatives with Their Anticancer Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092940. [PMID: 35566291 PMCID: PMC9105511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a distinctive dihydroxy ionic liquid ([Py-2OH]OAc) was straightforwardly assembled from the sonication of pyridine with 2-chloropropane-1,3-diol by employing sodium acetate as an ion exchanger. The efficiency of the ([Py-2OH]OAc as a promoter for the sono-synthesis of a novel library of condensed products through DABCO-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation process of adequate active cyclic methylenes and ninhydrin was next investigated using ultimate greener conditions. All of the reactions studied went cleanly and smoothly, and the resulting Knoevenagel condensation compounds were recovered in high yields without detecting the aldol intermediates in the end products. Compared to traditional strategies, the suggested approach has numerous advantages including mild reaction conditions with no by-products, eco-friendly solvent, outstanding performance in many green metrics, and usability in gram-scale synthesis. The reusability of the ionic liquid was also studied, with an overall retrieved yield of around 97% for seven consecutive runs without any substantial reduction in the performance. The novel obtained compounds were further assessed for their in vitro antitumor potential toward three human tumor cell lines: Colo-205 (colon cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), and A549 (lung cancer) by employing the MTT assay, and the findings were evaluated with the reference Doxorubicin. The results demonstrated that the majority of the developed products had potent activities at very low doses. Compounds comprising rhodanine (5) or chromane (12) moieties exhibited the most promising cytotoxic effects toward three cell lines, particularly rhodanine carboxylic acid derivative (5c), showing superior cytotoxic effects against the investigated cell lines compared to the reference drug. Furthermore, automated docking simulation studies were also performed to support the results obtained.
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13
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Ortiz-Bustos J, Cruz P, Pérez Y, Hierro ID. Prolinate-based heterogeneous catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction: Insights into mechanism reaction using solid-state electrochemical studies. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Anh Tran V, Nhu Quynh LT, Thi Vo TT, Nguyen PA, Don TN, Vasseghian Y, Phan H, Lee SW. Experimental and computational investigation of a green Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by zeolitic imidazolate framework-8. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112364. [PMID: 34767819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ZIF-8 is a highly porous, stable, and abundant surface area material that can be used as an environmentally friendly catalyst for Knoevenagel condensations. The effects of the ratio of the reactants (benzaldehyde (BA):ethyl cyanoacetate (ECA)), reaction temperature, and catalyst concentration were systematically investigated using a ZIF-8 catalyst and water as the solvent. ZIF-8 (3-5 wt%) showed excellent catalytic performance with an almost complete conversion of BA in less than 6 h with a BA:ECA molar ratio of 1:2 at different temperatures. At 60 °C, the BA conversion rate and product selectivity of the reaction reached their highest values after 4 h with a BA:ECA molar ratio of 1:1. When employing 5.0 wt% ZIF-8, almost complete BA conversion was achieved after 3 h at room temperature. ZIF-8 also demonstrated good recyclability with almost no change in its catalytic activity over five cycles. The proposed reaction mechanism is based on the catalytic activity of the basic N sites on the surface of ZIF-8, and is supported by density functional theory calculations. The present approach provides a promising strategy for the construction of simple and environmentally friendly ZIF-8 catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy Anh Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Le Thi Nhu Quynh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Pham Van Dong University, Quang Ngai City, 570000, Viet Nam
| | - Thu-Thao Thi Vo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuc An Nguyen
- Fulbright University Vietnam, 105 Ton Dat Tien, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, 72908, Viet Nam
| | - Ta Ngoc Don
- Ministry of Education and Training, Ha Noi City, 570000, Viet Nam
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran.
| | - Hung Phan
- Fulbright University Vietnam, 105 Ton Dat Tien, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, 72908, Viet Nam.
| | - Sang-Wha Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Lončarić M, MOLNAR MAJA. Green Synthesis of 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one Derivatives in Deep Eutectic Solvents via Knoevenagel Condensation. LETT ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178619666220112121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Recently, more and more researchers are resorting to green methods and techniques to avoid environmental pollution. Accordingly, many researchers have been working on the development of new green synthetic procedures trying to avoid the use of toxic organic solvents. A sustainable concept of green and environmentally friendly solvents in chemical synthesis nowadays encompasses a relatively new generation of solvents called deep eutectic solvents (DESs). DESs often have a dual role in the synthesis, acting as both, solvents and catalysts. In this study, DESs are used in the Knoevenagel synthesis of rhodanine derivatives, with no addition of conventional catalysts. A model reaction of rhodanine and salicylaldehyde was performed in 20 different DESs at 80 °C, in order to find the best solvent, which was further used for the synthesis of the series of desired compounds. A series of rhodanines was synthesized in choline chloride: acetamide (ChCl:acetamide) DES with good to excellent yields (51.4 – 99.7 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melita Lončarić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - MAJA MOLNAR
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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16
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Serrano-Sterling C, Becerra D, Portilla J, Rojas H, Macías M, Castillo JC. Synthesis, biological evaluation and X-ray crystallographic analysis of novel (E)-2-cyano-3-(het)arylacrylamides as potential anticancer agents. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Calabrese C, Liotta LF, Soumoy L, Aprile C, Giacalone F, Gruttadauria M. New Hybrid Organic‐inorganic Multifunctional Materials Based on Polydopamine‐like Chemistry. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Calabrese
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Leonarda Francesca Liotta
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati ISMN-CNR Via Ugo La Malfa 153 90146 Palermo Italy
| | - Loraine Soumoy
- Laboratory of Applied Materials Chemistry (CMA) Department of Chemistry University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Carmela Aprile
- Laboratory of Applied Materials Chemistry (CMA) Department of Chemistry University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Francesco Giacalone
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Michelangelo Gruttadauria
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17 90128 Palermo Italy
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18
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Sales CS, de Melo Camargo LTF, Araújo CST, Carvalho-Silva VH, Signini R. Efficiency of water treatment with crushed shell of jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa) fruit to adsorb Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions: experimental and quantum chemical assessment of the complexation process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:60041-60059. [PMID: 34155593 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The shell surrounding fruits of the jatobá-do-cerrado tree, in its natural state, was modified by the addition of HNO3 and NaOH and used as an adsorbent in the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. The untreated (JIN) and chemically modified (JCT) fruit shell samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction. Their efficiency as adsorbents in the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions was studied under different conditions of pH (2-9) and it was observed that the optimal pH for Cu (II) adsorption was 5.5 and for Ni (II) it was 6.0. The adsorption isotherms were obtained at different temperatures (298, 308, 318 K) and the qmax values ranged from 33.96 to 41.00 mg g-1. The adsorbents presented higher selectivity toward Cu ions (II). The thermodynamic analysis results suggest that the adsorption process studied is of a physical nature. Supported by quantum mechanical calculations, the interaction sites of the ion-cellulose and ion-lignin complexes were identified, evidencing the central role of water molecules in stabilization of the complexes. The experimental and theorical results indicate that JIN and JCT have good potential for the adsorption of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions and are thus promising materials for the removal of other metal ions in aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleciane Souza Sales
- Campus Central Anápolis - CET, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, 75001-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valter Henrique Carvalho-Silva
- Modeling of Physical and Chemical Transformations Division, Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Research and Graduate Center, Goias State University, Anapolis,, 75132-903, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Signini
- Campus Central Anápolis - CET, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, CP 459, Anápolis, GO, 75001-970, Brazil.
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19
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Yamazaki S, Katayama K, Wang Z, Mikata Y, Morimoto T, Ogawa A. Sequential Knoevenagel Condensation/Cyclization for the Synthesis of Indene and Benzofulvene Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:28441-28454. [PMID: 34723041 PMCID: PMC8552470 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sequential Knoevenagel condensation/cyclization leading to indene and benzofulvene derivatives has been developed. The reaction of 2-(1-phenylvinyl)benzaldehyde with malonates gave benzylidene malonates, cyclized indenes, and dehydrogenated benzofulvenes. The product selectivity depends on the reaction conditions. The reaction with piperidine, AcOH in benzene at 80 °C for 1.5 h gave a benzylidene malonate in 75% yield as a major product. The reactions with piperidine, AcOH in benzene at 80 °C for 17 h and with TiCl4-pyridine at room temperature gave an indene derivative in 56 and 79% yields, respectively, as a major product. The reaction with TiCl4-Et3N gave a benzofulvene in 40% yield selectively. Indene was transformed to a benzofulvene derivative using the reagents TiCl4-Et3N and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). The reaction of variously substituted aryl derivatives with dimethyl malonate gave indene and benzofulvene derivatives. The reactions of 2-(1-phenylvinyl)benzaldehyde with Meldrum's acid or malononitrile also gave cyclized compounds in the suitable sequential or stepwise conditions. Furthermore, the reaction of 2-arylbenzaldehydes has been investigated. The limitation and scope have been described. The reaction mechanism of the cyclization steps has been examined by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Yamazaki
- Department
of Chemistry, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara 630-8528, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Katayama
- Department
of Chemistry, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara 630-8528, Japan
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuji Mikata
- KYOUSEI
Science Center, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Morimoto
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Akiya Ogawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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20
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Kotnik T, Žerjav G, Pintar A, Žagar E, Kovačič S. Highly Porous Poly(arylene cyano-vinylene) Beads Derived through the Knoevenagel Condensation of the Oil-in-Oil-in-Oil Double Emulsion Templates. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1248-1253. [PMID: 35549042 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated porous polymers through the emulsion-templating polymerization process are typically prepared as monoliths, and the emulsions are cured via metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of well-defined, millimeter-sized conjugated porous polymer beads by combining an oil-in-oil-in-oil (O/O/O) double emulsion as a de novo template and an amino-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reaction as a polymerization chemistry to cure such emulsions. The 1,4-phenylenediacetonitrile is reacted with aromatic multialdehydes in the presence of piperidine, and a series of metal-free poly(arylene cyano-vinylene) beads are prepared. All beads exhibit 3D-interconnected microcellular morphology and substantial semiconducting properties, such as strong light harvesting ability in the visible light region with electrochemical band gaps in the range of 2.05-2.33 eV. Finally, the promising photocatalytic activity of these conjugated beads is demonstrated for a model sulfoxidation reaction under visible light irradiation, and near quantitative conversions with excellent chemoselectivities (>99%) are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Kotnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Žerjav
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Albin Pintar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastijan Kovačič
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Coutinho ND, Machado HG, Carvalho-Silva VH, da Silva WA. Reply to the 'Comment on "Topography of the Free Energy Landscape on the Claisen-Schmidt Condensation: Solvent and Temperature Effect in the Rate-Controlling Step"' by N. D. Coutinho, H. G. Machado, V. H. Carvalho-Silva and W. A. da Silva, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23, 6738. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22202-22206. [PMID: 34614051 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the Comment on our paper on the description of the Gibbs Free energy profile of Claisen-Schmidt condensation, it is claimed that our calculations are flawed due to inconsistencies with experimental isotope effects in aqueous acetonitrile. In this Reply, we presented rigorous arguments, ambiguities in the Comment and new calculations confirming the consistency of our results: (i) small differences in the relative energetic barriers in both experimental and theoretical curves make the assignment of the rate-limiting step debatable, making the concept of RCS questionable; (ii) it is shown how the misinterpretation of the elementary steps and of the overall processes rate constants led the Comment to incorrect conclusions about the behavior of the inverse isotopic effect; (iii) neglect in the Comment of the inverse kinetic isotope effect in step R2 due to the hybridization conversion, and of the inverse equilibrium isotopic effect for step R1 to describe an overall iKIE > 1, (iv) an erroneous suggestion in the Comment that the disagreement between experimental kinetic parameters is due to the fact that acetonitrile is not used in previous experimental works, when contradictorily the literature recommends it as being indispensable to allow kinetic accuracy; and (v) new calculations improved by explicit-implicit hybrid treatment again ensure that step R4, and not step R5, can assume the role of RCS in protic solvents. Recognizing that questioning is an excellent path for promoting understanding, we hope that the answers provided here will help to clarify and expand the pertinent topics under discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Dantas Coutinho
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Synthesis N.T.S., University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Gontijo Machado
- Modeling of Physical and Chemical Transformations Division, Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Research and Graduate Center, Goias State University, 75132-903, Anapolis, Brazil.
| | - Valter Henrique Carvalho-Silva
- Modeling of Physical and Chemical Transformations Division, Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Research and Graduate Center, Goias State University, 75132-903, Anapolis, Brazil.
| | - Wender Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Synthesis N.T.S., University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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22
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Yahyazadehfar M, Ahmadi SA, Sheikhhosseini E, Ghazanfari D. Bentonite Catalyzed an Efficient and Green Synthesis of Arylidene Meldrum's Acid Derivatives in Aqueous Media. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200807155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, a simple, highly efficient, and environmentally friendly protocol
was proposed for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes using Meldrum’s acid
(2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-1,3-dioxane) with bentonite as an available non-toxic mineral catalyst exposed
to aqueous media under green conditions. Together with the substitution protocol of electron-donating
or -withdrawing groups, all reactions were finalized from 5 to 120 min in water at 90°C. With regard to
such reactions, the purification of columns on products was not a requirement. Considering the environmental
aspect, use of water as a green solvent, utilization of a reusable catalyst, simple work-up
process and steps, as well as rapid reaction times were taken into account as some characteristics of
these chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayed Ali Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman,Iran
| | | | - Dadkhoda Ghazanfari
- Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman,Iran
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23
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Liu KG, Sharifzadeh Z, Rouhani F, Ghorbanloo M, Morsali A. Metal-organic framework composites as green/sustainable catalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Nugent TC, Goswami F, Debnath S, Hussain I, Ali El Damrany Hussein H, Karn A, Nakka S. Harnessing Additional Capability from in Water Reaction Conditions: Aldol
versus
Knoevenagel Chemoselectivity. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Nugent
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Falguni Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Samarpita Debnath
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Ishtiaq Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy Abbottabad University of Science and Technology Havelian Abbottabad 22010 Pakistan
| | | | - Alka Karn
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Srinuvasu Nakka
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen 28759 Bremen Germany
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25
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Rufino VC, Pliego JR. Bifunctional Primary Amino‐thiourea Asymmetric Catalysis: The Imine‐Iminium Ion Mechanism in the Michael Addition of Nitromethane to Enone. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia C. Rufino
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei 36301-160 São João del-Rei MG Brazil
| | - Josefredo R. Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei 36301-160 São João del-Rei MG Brazil
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26
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El-Wakil MH, Meheissen MA, Abu-Serie MM. Nitrofurazone repurposing towards design and synthesis of novel apoptotic-dependent anticancer and antimicrobial agents: Biological evaluation, kinetic studies and molecular modeling. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:104971. [PMID: 34051413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing has gained much attention as a cost-effective strategy that plays an exquisite role in identifying undescribed biological activities in clinical drugs. In the present work, we report the repurposing of the antibacterial drug nitrofurazone (NFZ) as a potential anticancer agent against CaCo-2, MDA-MB 231 and HepG-2 cancer cell lines. Novel series of nitrofurazone analogs were then designed considering the important pharmacologic features present in NFZ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the target compounds revealed their promising anticancer activities endowed with antimicrobial potential and possessing better lipophilicity than NFZ. Compound 7, exclusively, inhibited the growth of all tested cancer cells more potently than NFZ with the least cytotoxicity against normal cells, displaying anti Gram-positive bacterial activities and antifungal potential. Analysis of the stereo-electronic properties of compound 7 via investigating the energies of HOMO, LUMO, HOMO-LUMO energy gap and MEP maps demonstrated its high reactivity and the expected molecular mechanism of action through reduction of the 5-nitrofuryl moiety. Data of the bioactivity studies indicated that the potent anticancer activity of 7 is mainly through increasing intracellular ROS levels and induction of apoptosis via significantly down-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 while up-regulating BAX, p53 and caspase 3 expression levels. Compound 7 potently inhibited the cellular expression levels of antioxidant enzymes GPx1 and GR compared to NFZ. Antioxidant enzymes kinetic studies and blind molecular docking simulations disclosed the mechanistic and structural aspects of the interaction between 7 and both GR and GPx1. Thus, the successful discovery of 7 as a potential dual anticancer-antimicrobial nitrofurazone analog might validate the applicability of drug repurposing strategy in unravelling the unrecognized bioactivity of the present conventional drugs, besides furnishing the way towards more optimization and development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa H El-Wakil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Ahmed Meheissen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Egypt
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27
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A Four-Component Domino Reaction: An Eco-Compatible and Highly Efficient Construction of 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives, Their In Silico Molecular Docking, Drug Likeness, ADME, and Toxicity Studies. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5589837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multicomponent domino reaction of enaminone, malononitrile, and o-phthalaldehyde has been established, providing direct access to novel highly functionalized pentacyclic cyclopenta [b] indeno [1, 2, 3-de] [1,8] naphthyridine derivatives. The simplicity of execution, readily available substrates, high yields, excellent functional group tolerance, scalability, and good scores of environmental parameters make this synthetic strategy more sustainable and worthy of further attention. This one-pot transformation, which involved multiple steps and did not require the use of a catalyst, constructed four new C-C bonds, two new C-N bonds, and three new rings, with efficient use of all reactants. Furthermore, we performed in silico molecular docking analysis for prediction of anticancer (against human topoisomerase IIβ protein) and antimicrobial (against E.coli. DNA gyrase B protein) activities. Drug likeness and ADMET studies were also predicted. Overall investigation indicates that compound 6i may serve as a candidate that could be developed as potential anticancer and antimicrobial agent among all.
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28
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Coutinho ND, Machado HG, Carvalho-Silva VH, da Silva WA. Topography of the free energy landscape of Claisen-Schmidt condensation: solvent and temperature effects on the rate-controlling step. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6738-6745. [PMID: 33710206 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05659f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that hydroxide elimination and the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond formation step in base-promoted aldol condensation have a strong influence on the overall rate of the reaction, in contrast to the well-accepted first enolization or C-C bond formation step. Here, applying theoretical models to the prototypical reaction of chalcone formation, the complete free energy profile of Claisen-Schmidt condensation is assessed, revealing how a protic solvent and a slight increase in temperature can induce the second enolization as the rate-controlling step (RCS). It is also observed: i) the nonexistence of a step with a much higher energetic barrier than the others, making the concept of RCS debatable; and ii) that the overall inverse kinetic isotopic effect does not exclude second enolization as a RCS in protic continuum medium. We expect that these results can expand the understanding of the decisive role of physicochemical factors on the choose of the RCS in the aldol condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Dantas Coutinho
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds Synthesis N.T.S., University of Brasilia (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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29
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Zhang QQ, Li Y, Wang D, Chen Z, Li Y, Li S, Zhu H, Lu X, Chen H, Li CZ. Intrinsically Chemo- and Thermostable Electron Acceptors for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yaokai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zeng Chen
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Shuixing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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30
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Brzęczek-Szafran A, Gwóźdź M, Kolanowska A, Krzywiecki M, Latos P, Chrobok A. N-Doped carbon as a solid base catalyst for continuous flow Knoevenagel condensation. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A stability survey of a basic N-doped carbon catalyst in a continuous flow process together with a study of process parameters affecting the batch system and their correlation to the flow protocol is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Gwóźdź
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Silesian University of Technology
- Gliwice
- Poland
| | - Anna Kolanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Silesian University of Technology
- Gliwice
- Poland
| | - Maciej Krzywiecki
- Institute of Physics – Center for Science and Education
- Silesian University of Technology
- Gliwice
- Poland
| | - Piotr Latos
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Silesian University of Technology
- Gliwice
- Poland
| | - Anna Chrobok
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Silesian University of Technology
- Gliwice
- Poland
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31
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Weiß M, Brehm M. Exploring Free Energy Profiles of Enantioselective Organocatalytic Aldol Reactions under Full Solvent Influence. Molecules 2020; 25:E5861. [PMID: 33322424 PMCID: PMC7764805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a computational study on the enantioselectivity of organocatalytic proline-catalyzed aldol reactions between aldehydes in dimethylformamide (DMF). To explore the free energy surface of the reaction, we apply two-dimensional metadynamics on top of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations with explicit solvent description on the DFT level of theory. We avoid unwanted side reactions by utilizing our newly developed hybrid AIMD (HyAIMD) simulation scheme, which adds a simple force field to the AIMD simulation to prevent unwanted bond breaking and formation. Our condensed phase simulation results are able to nicely reproduce the experimental findings, including the main stereoisomer that is formed, and give a correct qualitative prediction of the change in syn:anti product ratio with different substituents. Furthermore, we give a microscopic explanation for the selectivity. We show that both the explicit description of the solvent and the inclusion of entropic effects are vital to a good outcome-metadynamics simulations in vacuum and static nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations yield significantly worse predictions when compared to the experiment. The approach described here can be applied to a plethora of other enantioselective or organocatalytic reactions, enabling us to tune the catalyst or determine the solvent with the highest stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Brehm
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
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32
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Azzam R, Elboshi HA, Elgemeie GH. Novel Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of New Benzothiazole-Bearing N-Sulfonamide 2-Pyridone Derivatives as USP7 Enzyme Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30023-30036. [PMID: 33251438 PMCID: PMC7689895 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a series of benzothiazole-bearing N-sulfonamide 2-pyridone derivatives were synthesized via the reaction of benzothiazole sulfonylhydrazide with sodium salts of both (hydroxymethylene) cycloalkanones and unsaturated ketones, as well as ethoxymethylene derivatives. The structures of the resultant compounds were confirmed using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), 1H-13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC), and 1H-13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HSQC) spectral analysis and elemental analysis. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiviral activities against the HSV-1, HAV HM175, HCVcc genotype 4, CBV4, and HAdV7 viruses. Additionally, the compounds were examined for their cytotoxic effect on five normal cell lines. It was observed that five compounds were found to possess viral reduction of 50% or more against CBV4 with significant IC50, CC50, and SI values. In the case of HSV-1 and HAV HM175 viruses, three compounds have shown more than 50% reduction, while in the case of HCVcc genotype 4 and HAdV7 viruses, only two compounds demonstrated more than 50% reduction. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the most active compounds were evaluated. The two most potent compounds against HSV-1 virus, 7e and 13a, were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against USP7. Docking studies using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) were used to identify the interactions between 7e and 13a compounds and the active site of the USP7 enzyme.
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33
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Gehlen MH, Foltran LS, Kienle DF, Schwartz DK. Single-Molecule Observations Provide Mechanistic Insights into Bimolecular Knoevenagel Amino Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9714-9724. [PMID: 33136415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While single-molecule (SM) methods have provided new insights to various catalytic processes, bimolecular reactions have been particularly challenging to study. Here, the fluorogenic Knoevenagel condensation of an aromatic aldehyde with methyl cyanoacetate promoted by surface-immobilized piperazine is quantitatively characterized using super-resolution fluorescence imaging and stochastic analysis using hidden Markov modeling (HMM). Notably, the SM results suggest that the reaction follows the iminium intermediate pathway before the formation of a fluorescent product with intramolecular charge-transfer character. Moreover, the overall process is limited by the turnover rate of the catalyst, which is involved in multiple steps along the reaction coordinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H Gehlen
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa S Foltran
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel F Kienle
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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34
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Khaligh NG, Mihankhah T. Greener and practical synthesis of 4,4′‐(arylmethylene)bis(
3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H
‐pyrazol‐5‐ol)s through a conventional heating and a mechanochemical procedure. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Taraneh Mihankhah
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Water and Environmental Engineering School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran
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35
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Junge MJ, Kordan MA, Chernick ET. Synthesis of Chiral Donor–Acceptor Dyes to Study Electron Transfer Across a Chiral Bridge. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13793-13807. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc J. Junge
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mike A. Kordan
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erin T. Chernick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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36
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Stawicka K, Ziolek M. Tris(2-Aminoethyl)Amine/Metal Oxides Hybrid Materials-Preparation, Characterization and Catalytic Application. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204689. [PMID: 33066391 PMCID: PMC7587344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different metal oxides (basic MgO, basic-acidic Al2O3 and acidic-basic Nb2O5) characterized by comparable surface areas (MgO—130 m2/g; Al2O3—172 m2/g and Nb2O5—123 m2/g) and pore systems (domination of mesopores with narrow pore size distribution) were modified with tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TAEA) via two methods: (i) direct anchoring of amine on metal oxide and (ii) anchoring of amine on metal oxide functionalized with (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane. The obtained hybrid materials were characterized in terms of effectiveness of modifier anchoring (elemental analysis), their structural/textural properties (nitrogen adsorption/desorption, XRD), acidity/basicity of support (2-propanol dehydration and dehydrogenation, dehydration and cyclization of 2,5-hexanedione), states of modifier deposited on supports (XPS, FTIR, UV–VIS) and the strength of interaction between the modifier and the support (TG/DTG). It was evidenced that acidic-basic properties of metal oxides as well as the procedure of modification with TAEA determined the ways of amine anchoring and the strength of its interaction with the support. The obtained hybrid materials were tested in Knoevenagel condensation between furfural and malononitrile. The catalysts based on MgO showed superior activity in this reaction. It was correlated with the way of TAEA anchoring on basic MgO and the strength of modifier anchoring on the support. To the best of our knowledge tris(2-aminoethyl)amine has not been used as a modifier of solid supports for enhancement of the catalyst activity in Knoevenagel condensation.
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37
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Ghaffari Khaligh N, Mihankhah T, Titinchi S, Shahnavaz Z, Rafie Johan M. New protocols for the synthesis of 5-amino-7-(4-phenyl)-4,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate esters using an efficient additive. Turk J Chem 2020; 44:1100-1109. [PMID: 33488215 PMCID: PMC7751900 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This work introduces a new additive named 4,4'-trimethylenedipiperidine for the practical and ecofriendly preparation of ethyl 5-amino-7-(4-phenyl)-4,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives. This chemical is commercially available and easy to handle. It also possesses a low melting point and a broad liquid range temperature, high thermal stability, and good solubility in water. Based on green chemistry principles, the reaction was performed in a) a mixture of green solvents i.e. water and ethanol (1:1 v/v) at reflux temperature, and b) the additive was liquefied at 65 °C and the reaction was conducted in the liquid state of the additive. High yields of the desired triazolo-pyrimidines were obtained under both aforementioned conditions. Our results demonstrated that this additive, containing 2 Lewis base sites and able to act as an acceptor-donor hydrogen bonding group, is a novel and efficient alternative to piperidine, owing to its unique properties such as its reduced toxicity, nonflammable nature, nonvolatile state, broad liquid range temperature, high thermal stability, and ability to be safely handled. Furthermore, this additive could be completely recovered and exhibited high recyclability without any change in its chemical structure and no significant reduction in its activity. The current methodology has several advantages: (a) it avoids the use of hazardous materials, as well as toxic, volatile, and flammable solvents, (b) it does not entail tedious processes, harsh conditions, and the multistep preparation of catalysts, (c) it uses a metal-free and noncorrosive catalyst, and (d) reduces the generation of hazardous waste and simple work-up processes. The most important result of this study is that 4,4'-trimethylenedipiperidine can be a promising alternative for toxic, volatile, and flammable base reagents in organic synthesis owing to its unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Taraneh Mihankhah
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Salam Titinchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town South Africa
| | - Zohreh Shahnavaz
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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38
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Maruthupandi M, Prabusankar G. Catalytically active coordination polymer with a tiny Zn 2Se 2 ring bridged by bis-selone. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28950-28957. [PMID: 35520066 PMCID: PMC9055873 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04577b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented architecture of a one-dimensional coordination polymer with a tiny Zn2Se2 ring system incorporated in the hydrogen-bonded array has been prepared, where the di-selone ligand functions as a unique neutral bridging ligand. The coordination polymer shows excellent catalytic activity in substituted 8-hydroxy-2-quinolinyl synthesis through Knoevenagel condensation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganesan Prabusankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad 502 285 India
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39
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Pliego JR. Theoretical free energy profile and benchmarking of functionals for amino-thiourea organocatalyzed nitro-Michael addition reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11529-11536. [PMID: 32393952 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amino-thiourea organocatalysis is an important catalytic process for enantioselective conjugate addition reactions. The interaction of the reactants with the catalyst has a substantial effect of dispersion forces and is a challenge for a reliable description when applying density functional theory. In this report, the classical addition of acetylacetone to β-nitro-styrene catalyzed by Takemoto's catalyst in toluene was studied using the PBE functional for geometry optimization and the DLPNO-CCSD(T) benchmark method for single point energy. The complete free energy profile calculated for the reaction was able to explain all experimental observations, including the fact that the carbon-carbon bond formation step is rate-determining. The overall barrier was calculated to be 22.8 kcal mol-1 (experimental value approximately 20 kcal mol-1), and the enantiomeric excess was calculated to be 88% (experimental value in the range of 84 to 92%). Some functionals were tested for single point energy. The hybrid B3LYP presented a high mean absolute deviation (MAD) from the DLPNO-CCSD(T) benchmark method by approximately 20 kcal mol-1. The inclusion of empirical dispersion correction in the B3LYP method decreased the MAD to 6 kcal mol-1. Even the double-hybrid mPW2-PLYP and B2GP-PLYP methods had MAD values of approximately 5 kcal mol-1. The inclusion of the dispersion correction decreased the MAD to 3.6 kcal mol-1. M06-2X and ωB97X-D3 were the most accurate among the tested functionals, with MADs of 2.5 kcal mol-1 and 1.8 kcal mol-1, respectively. Additivity approximation of the correlation energy was also tested and presented a MAD of only 0.6 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefredo R Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil.
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40
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Heravi MM, Janati F, Zadsirjan V. Applications of Knoevenagel condensation reaction in the total synthesis of natural products. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Amine Functionalized Graphene Oxide Stabilized Pickering Emulsion for Highly Efficient Knoevenagel Condensation in Aqueous Medium. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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42
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Ochoa-Gómez JR, Lorenzo-Ibarreta L, Diñeiro-García C, Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi O. Isosorbide bis(methyl carbonate) synthesis from isosorbide and dimethyl carbonate: the key role of dual basic–nucleophilic catalysts. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18728-18739. [PMID: 35518328 PMCID: PMC9053901 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03552a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isosorbide bis(methyl carbonate) (IBMC) is a scarcely studied green chemical with potential applications in the manufacturing of non-isocyanate polyurethanes and bisphenol A-free polycarbonates. Its synthesis by transesterification of isosorbide with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is very negatively influenced by the presence of small amounts of acidic impurities in isosorbide when heterogeneous inorganic carbonates such as potassium and cesium carbonates are used as catalysts. In this paper it is shown that the problem can be solved by using homogeneous catalysts consisting of nitrogenated bases and superbases having a suitable dual nucleophilic–basic character and able to form a highly reactive acyl intermediate with the electrophilic reactant DMC. Cycloaliphatic secondary and tertiary amines, guanidines and amidines covering a nucleophilicity parameter (N) range between 13.58 and 20.58 in either acetonitrile or dichloromethane, and a pKa range in acetonitrile between 15.68 and 26.02 have been tested in batchwise mode. Highly active catalysts leading to hydroxyl conversions of 84–93% require a minimum N of 16 and a pKa ranging from 18.0 to 26.0. Within this pKa range, N must increase by about 0.5–0.6 units per each unit the pKa falls to keep the catalytic activity, indicating that nucleophilicity has approximately twice as much influence as basicity on the catalytic activity. One guanidine (TBD), one amidine (DBN) and three cycloaliphatic secondary amines (N-methylpyrrolidine, quinuclidine and DABCO) have been found to be excellent catalysts at 5 mol% vs. ISO. The side reaction leading to oligomer formation is not avoided, with oligomers, mainly the dimer, affording 6 wt% of the crude product independently of hydroxyl-conversion and catalyst type. Basic–nucleophilic nitrogenated organocatalysts catalyze the synthesis of isosorbide bis(methyl carbonate), with nucleophilicity having an influence twice as much as basicity on catalytic activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Ochoa-Gómez
- TECNALIA
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)
- Parque Tecnológico de Alava
- 01510 Miñano (Alava)
- Spain
| | - Leire Lorenzo-Ibarreta
- TECNALIA
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)
- Parque Tecnológico de Alava
- 01510 Miñano (Alava)
- Spain
| | - Cristina Diñeiro-García
- TECNALIA
- Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)
- Parque Tecnológico de Alava
- 01510 Miñano (Alava)
- Spain
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43
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Surabhi, Shabir J, Gupta P, Sah D, Mozumdar S. Magnetic core–shell dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres anchored with diamine as an efficient and recyclable base catalyst. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04822d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, diamine-functionalized magnetic core–shell dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres have been successfully synthesized by an oil–water biphasic stratification-coating strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- India
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44
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Cao Z, Gao F, Zhao J, Lin C, Zhong J, Chen F, Zhu Y, Yi P, Shen L. Ambient Cross-linking System Based on the Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction between Acetoacetylated Sucrose and Aromatic Dicarboxaldehydes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20724-20731. [PMID: 31858058 PMCID: PMC6906949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An ambient cross-linking system based on the Knoevenagel condensation reaction between acetoacetylated sucrose and aromatic dicarboxaldehydes was demonstrated. In this study, we use a rheological instrument to measure the gel time to predict and elucidate the likely reaction mechanism of the system, and we prepare films based on the mechanistic results. Acetoacetylated sucrose and 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde were used as raw materials, piperidine was used as the catalyst, and nonvolatile dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the solvent. After mixing 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde and piperidine for 30 min, the acetoacetylated sucrose was added, thus producing the shortest gel time. Then, the gel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, three films were prepared by this approach with different aromatic dicarboxaldehydes, and the properties of the coatings were characterized by differential scanning calorimeter, dynamic mechanical analysis thermogravimetric analysis, and swelling ratio. It was found that these films have high Young's modulus, high glass transition temperatures, high pencil hardnesses, and low swelling ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Cao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory
of Waterborne
Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory
of Waterborne
Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jinze Zhao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory
of Waterborne
Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Cong Lin
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory
of Waterborne
Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory
of Waterborne
Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Fengbiao Chen
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory
of Waterborne
Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory
of Waterborne
Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Yi
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory
of Waterborne
Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Liang Shen
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory
of Waterborne
Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, P. R. China
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Pigot C, Noirbent G, Peralta S, Duval S, Nechab M, Gigmes D, Dumur F. Unprecedented Nucleophilic Attack of Piperidine on the Electron Acceptor during the Synthesis of Push‐Pull Dyes by a
Knoevenagel
Reaction. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Pigot
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRS, ICR UMR 7273 FR-13397 Marseille France
| | | | - Sébastien Peralta
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces (LPPI)Université de Cergy Pontoise 5 mail Gay Lussac FR-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise France
| | - Sylvain Duval
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide FR-59000 Lille France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRS, ICR UMR 7273 FR-13397 Marseille France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRS, ICR UMR 7273 FR-13397 Marseille France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRS, ICR UMR 7273 FR-13397 Marseille France
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46
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Cao Z, Gao F, Zhao J, Wei X, Cheng Q, Zhong J, Lin C, Shu J, Fu C, Shen L. Bio-Based Coating Materials Derived from Acetoacetylated Soybean Oil and Aromatic Dicarboxaldehydes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1809. [PMID: 31689971 PMCID: PMC6918255 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based coating materials were prepared from epoxidized soybean oil as a renewable source. Acetoacetylated soybean oil was synthesized by the ring-opened and transesterification reaction of epoxidized soybean oil, and its chemical structure was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and rheometric viscosity analyses. On the basis of acetoacetylated soybean oil, several bio-based coating materials were prepared using different aromatic dicarboxaldehydes (1,2-benzenedialdehyde, 1,3-benzenedialdehyde, 1,4-phthalaldehyde, 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde) and characterized. The resulting films possess good performance, including the highest glass transition temperature of 54 °C, a Young's modulus of 24.91 MPa, tensile strength of 5.65 MPa, and an elongation at break of 286%. Thus, this work demonstrates the Knoevenagel condensation reaction, which is based on soybean oil as a potential newer eco-friendly raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Cao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Fei Gao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Jinze Zhao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Xiao Wei
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Qian Cheng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Cong Lin
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Jinbing Shu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Changqing Fu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Waterborne Coating, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China.
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M Ribeiro FW, Rodrigues-Oliveira AF, C Correra T. Benzoxazine Formation Mechanism Evaluation by Direct Observation of Reaction Intermediates. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8179-8187. [PMID: 31483645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazine formation is a fundamental step in the preparation of polybenzoxazine resins, and a detailed description of the mechanism governing the formation of benzoxazine and side products is vital for improving the properties and performance of these resins. Determination of the nature and properties of reaction intermediates is not trivial. Therefore, a Mannich-type condensation of aniline, formaldehyde, and phenol was evaluated as a potential method to form benzoxazine. Coupling positive mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI(+)-MS) with infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy allowed unambiguous determination of an iminium-based mechanism and the direct observation of iminium intermediates. The benzoxazine formation mechanism was indirectly confirmed by the observation of side products that are relevant to the polymerization step, and directly confirmed by the identification of four distinct reaction intermediates that were completely characterized by IRMPD spectroscopy. The benzoxazine monomer was also shown to undergo isomerization under standard ESI-MS analysis conditions, suggesting the presence of a mixture of three isomers during their usual ESI-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco W M Ribeiro
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - André F Rodrigues-Oliveira
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Thiago C Correra
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
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Rufino VC, Pliego JR. Is the iminium ion mechanism viable in the piperidine-catalyzed 1,4-conjugate addition reaction of nitroalkanes to α,β-unsaturated ketones? COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Khaligh NG, Mihankhah T, Johan MR. An alternative, practical, and ecological protocol for synthesis of arylidene analogues of Meldrum’s acid as useful intermediates. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khaligh NG, Mihankhah T, Rafie Johan M. 4,4′-Trimethylenedipiperidine (TMDP): An Efficient Organocatalyst for the Mechanosynthesis of Pyrano[4,3- b]pyrans under Solid-state Conditions. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1564679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Taraneh Mihankhah
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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